Abina and the Important Men

Abina and the Important Men BY ckc74426 Abina and the Important Men: A Graphic History This graphic novel was a very interesting and unique take on history and on how it's traditionally told. The story is based on a young African slave girl, named Abina Mansah, in the nineteenth century. Most of the events that occur in the book take place in West Africa and more specifically in the Gold Coast Colony. It's based on the real-life event of Abina's trial against Quamina Eddo, who was a powerful and wealthy man. She believed that she was wrongfully enslaved.She wanted her voice to be heard and decided that she would take this man to court. The only problem with this was that he grew palm oil, which at the time was vital component of Britain's growing industrial production. Therefore, bringing him to court was a big deal. They were walking a very fine line in doing so, but in the same token they had to honor the new laws that they passed abolishing slavery. None the less, William Melton, the acting Judicial assessor, decided to give the girl a shot in court to prove Eddo guilty of wrongfully enslaving her.The account goes on to tell of the events that occurred in court. Abina tells her account of what had occurred and is questioned about her experience by Eddo's attorney, her own attorney, and Melton. She states that she was left by her old master in the hands of Eddo, but that her old master was going to return for her later. While staying at Eddo's plantation with his sister she was approached by his sister and was told that she was going to have to marry a man, Tando, against her will. She told them that she didn't like the man and wouldn't marry him.With this she was threatened and told that if she didn't marry him then she would be flogged. After she was told this she ran away and knew that she wanted her story to be heard. This is why she had come to Cape Coast to be free. In the end Quamina Eddo was found innocent of enslaving Abina. She was very upset by thi s news and stated that all she wanted was to be heard. She wanted to go to the court so that she could say what needed to be said. She wanted them to know how her life was. In the second half of the book you can find the original transcripts that tell you xactly of what was said during the trial.You can also find a section on the historical context, a reading guide, and a classroom guide. Personally, I thoroughly enjoyed this graphic novel. It was a really creative twist on the usual context of how history is normally told! I think that it kept me more interactive in the story and engaged. The main reason I enjoyed the book, along with many others I'm sure, is the story being focused on an unlikely person in history. Abina was Just a normal girl in history. She as a slave girl who didn't have any fancy education, nor was she wealthy or powerful.Basically, she was kind of like you or me in the grand scheme of world history. We don't hold any important role in history, yet we make up the majority of people in the history of our time. Its a wild thing to think about. It really makes you think about all of the history that was lost throughout the years! Who knows what other occurrences happened that, due to lack of good documentation or preservation was lost. What's even worse to consider is that throughout history there were people ho took it upon themselves to decide what was important and what was not.This is discuss is timely question of how people can so easily ignore what is right? For instance the men that were on the Jury and William Melton knew that Abina was most likely a slave. Even if she was labeled so, she was still being forced to marry a man that she didn't want to. This leads me to my next question, was she really a slave? My answer to that is a yes I believe, but I still would like to hear what others opinions are. As a girl, I can't help but side with Abina on this matter.Not only were they attempting to force her to marry someone else, but they were essentially taking her freedom away to choose her own path in life. No one likes to be told what to do and I admire her determination and courage in trying to give a voice to those who couldn't speak up for themselves. All in all this was a great book and I am really happy that you introduced us to it! It definitely made me consider all the voices that have gone unheard throughout history, but now I am left with only more questions about the history of our world and what it all means!

Online Therapy Paper

Online Therapy Paper Keisha Lucas BSHS/352 April 8, 2013 Professor Kari Siemieniewski Online Therapy Paper Online Therapy is a service that helps people to obtain therapeutic services through an online database that is ran by a therapist or a group of therapists, who are in charge of the website. Therapeutic websites are very helpful for someone who isn’t able to get to an office setting to have face-to-face sessions.They are extremely convenient because one can have counseling sessions in the privacy of their own home with strict confidentiality and assertiveness. Serenity Online Therapy, created and founded by Carl Benedict, a licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) in Baltimore, Maryland. His therapy entails many different areas of expertise awaiting anyone to sign up for. Through these counseling sessions, one may experience a more fulfilling and uplifting life.Carl Benedict is very well experienced in helping people who are dealing with multiple problems such as, severe depression, anxiety, addiction, panic attacks, grief and loss, childhood abuse, trauma, codependency 1 & 2, anger management, dual diagnosis, on being a therapist (Serenity, 2005-2013) The professional involved in this website is Carl Benedict, a licensed therapist who is trained in helping people with many different problems that he is trained to solve.He has a policy that strictly states each person to be at least 18 years old, the client must not be suicidal or be a threat to others and if anyone applying has any of these tendencies, they must apply for his crisis part of the website for immediate attention. The client must read Carl Benedict’s Services and Fees section.The content in this website consists of; Counseling Philosophy, Services and Fees, Confidentiality Statement, Johari Window, The Dilemma of the Traumatized Child, Crisis Counseling, Therapist Contact Information, Sitemap, Testimonials, Beginning Therapy, Texts and Photos, Chat Therapy, Payment Scale, Email Counseling, Pay pal Security. â€Å"Therapy is a process of re-claiming the repressed or denied parts of yourself so you can become a whole person. In essence, you will be embarking on a journey to your True Self-the person you were meant to be before emotional pain diverted you from your path. (Serenity, 2005-2013) Online Therapy is viewed and occurs as a uniquely set experience, not the same as face-to-face therapeutic experience, but a new one that may be helpful to a certain group of people but not all. It’s a new service that is being tried out and there has been a small portion of research that exists to support being its productivity. This doesn’t mean that the website of online therapy is of non-effect but it is helpful for the right person in the right circumstances.This means that online therapy is not as common as the regular way to go, which is in the office, but to be offered as online therapy. I believe online therapy can be effective and helpful for the right person in the right circumstances. There are many advantages and disadvantages are; some advantages are; one can engage in therapy even if you whether homebound or living in a remote area; one will have an automatic written record of their therapy; one can choose single consultation or ongoing therapy.Some disadvantages are; risks to confidentiality due to technology; problems in helping a suicidal or homicidal client; the possibility of misunderstandings due to text-based communications. I feel that the advantages/disadvantages are intact and that they meet the required criteria to keep his practice intact. The related security issues and ethical issues, such as confidentiality and security are that Mr. Carl Benedict has been bound to protect you while online in confidentiality of all of one’s personal business, records, and personal information.The client’s information is sealed with approval that it will not be shared with anyone else and that’s guaranteed. Mr. Benedict just asks that his client’s information be sealed and not shared. Reverend Dawn Sutton is highly educated in Social Work and comes with a tremendous therapeutic approach that will definitely meet the qualifications of anyone who is in need of her services. Dawn also sticks directly to her client’s rights and will not let you down.Some professional associations and state regulatory boards of the Mental Health Department will stick behind Reverend Dawn Sutton’s credentials and back up that she is the best of the best. Confidentiality is kept into practice for all clients that Dawn Sutton comes into contact with and some of her cases are; 1)If child abuse is suspected, she will report it; 2)IF a client releases information with written authorization; 3)If a court subpoenas your records; 4) If the client is or becomes a ‘vulnerable adult†. Sunrise, 2002-2008) Sunrise Counseling Online Therapy and Counseling, Dawn Sutton, MSW, RS W is the therapist for this website. The content of this website is the definition of online therapy, emergency contact information, fees and payment methods, qualifications of therapist, confidentiality, contact information, Christian counseling, quizzes, self-help resources, client’s rights, more links, surveys and the option to send the main page to a friend.The professional involved is Dawn Sutton, MSW, RSW is a registered member of the Ontario College of Social Workers and Crisis Intervention Counselor for the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch-Ontario Region of the Mental Health Crisis Intervention Counseling Program and she is a Member of the International Society for Mental Health Online. All of her credentials can be verified. Dawn Sutton uses Christian counseling, called Shepherd Counseling, as a key tool to help heal those who are in need and to make such an impact that her clients will not ever need counseling again because of GOD, not her.Her goals are to not see them again but if she does, she will tackle the job as if it’s the first time. She abides by her own confidentiality rules and will not do anything to jeopardize them. â€Å"Online counseling is simply communicating with a qualified, professional counselor/therapist by email or chat through your computer. Whether you choose only a few email exchanges or ongoing dialogue with the therapist over time, you have the opportunity to share your concerns, pose questions, and gain further insight into the problems you are addressing. (Sunrise, 2002-2008) There are many advantages and disadvantages to online counseling that includes animosity because of the value of personal information on the client’s part. Another disadvantage is that the Counselor wouldn’t be able to observe their client’s body language of their clients. ‘Elizabeth Zelvin, LCSW, is a licensed clinical social worker and a psychotherapist with 20 years’ experience. She is a New Y ork State Licensed Clinical Social Worker. In 2000, she was the director of addiction programs, and she had a private practice in New York City.She is among many professionals that have a passion for helping people through chat and email online counseling/therapy, also known as e-therapy. ’ (Cyber shrink, 2001) If you need online therapy, you have to qualify for one of these categories; 1) you are comfortable with the Internet (email, chat or want to increase your timeline); 2) using the keyboard more or less as fast as you think or speak—spelling is less important. (Cyber shrink, 2001) The site also contains choices and categories to pick from about how to use your online therapy of your choice. There is also a section on there where Elizabeth asks â€Å"Are you the therapist for me? She wants to know that she is the right pick for those who are interested in therapy. Also, the site provides you with the pay scale of all of the prices for 60 minute chats priced at $1 00. 00, 30 minute chat $65. 00, and $45. 00 for 1 email exchange. There is a section on confidentiality and how she must obtain confidence for all of her sessions no matter the source. There is also poetry, music, articles, bios and credentials that will verify and back up all of her sources and referrals. I feel that the advantages/disadvantages for this website are very reasonable and easy to follow! They are not too strict nor are they too lenient.

Women of Kievan Rus

The women of Kievan Rus were in a much different setting and social structure than their western counterparts. With the arrival of Christianity in Kievan Rus can new changes to family relations and positions of women in society and the household. The church divided women into two groups, the â€Å"good† and the â€Å"evil† women. The determination of who fell into what group was determined on how they compared to the norms of behavior of saints. With women divided into two groups the church focused more on the conduct of â€Å"evil† women.The church handed down instructions on the conduct of women. The core of these instructions was based on the submissiveness of women to god and their husbands. They urged women to stay silent and be socially dependent. But women’s lives were not totally controlled and they were not treated sub-humanly. As seen in the treaty between Novgorod and Gotland slave women had rights and were defended against harm. The example it gives is the denial to rape or harm slave women. Their social roles were protected and offenders would have to stand trial and pay a heavy fine.Their counterparts, free women were also protected and held interesting privileges. Women were well protected from anything stemming from simple insults to rape. They also had a choice in their marriage partner and if they were forced into a marriage then the parents would have to pay a hefty fine. There were documents unearthed, which showed that Novgorod women lent money and owned land. Women in Novgorod and Kievan Rus were a unique sect of society with both freedoms and restrictions.

How can implementing the importance of education upon our youth Speech or Presentation

How can implementing the importance of education upon our youth fortify our chances for a better tomorrow - Speech or Presentation Example Due to this reason, the youth sometimes overlooks the more obvious advantages of equipping oneself with a solid education before venturing into the career world. They lose sight of the fact that education gives a person a universally recognized advantage in the job market, helps them take advantage of opportunities, which ignorant people would waste, and contributes to their growing as a person in a unique way. These, amongst several other reasons, show us why it is imperative for responsible guardians and role models of today to impress the importance of education upon their youth. One argument that people often raise against education is that it is usually not even relevant to a person’s school and education, what job they end up doing. This argument has been substantiated with proof over the last decade, as people graduate from engineering schools and go on to start a business, or people who have studied accountancy for several years grow up to be social workers (Schwartz e t al, pp. 198 – 192). It is not possible to detect a pattern in these random yet common examples, except the obvious pattern, which is that all these people studied years to obtain degrees, which they never utilized in their careers. This, however, does not mean that the education they obtained was useless. It only indicates a lack of proper decision-making and awareness at the age when these people chose their college majors. Had the same person who became a social worker thought thoroughly about what they wanted to when choosing a major earlier, they would have never spent four years studying accountancy when it had no relevance in their career. They would have instead studied something more relevant, like communication or social sciences. Jim Collins, the author of ‘Good to Great’ introduces the Hedgehog Concept for such young people struggling to make a career choice (Collins, pp. 130-150). He tells them to find a career for which all of the following three c haracteristics apply: it is economically feasible for them to do, they are passionate about that career, and they have the skills required for such a career. According to this leadership expert, once a person identifies such a career, they should concentrate fully on trying to achieve it, whether this entail getting more education pertaining to it, or more experience. If a young student trying to choose a major applies this principal from the start, they are almost certain to choose an educational path that will facilitate their career, instead of going to waste. Moreover, there is no doubt that a person applying for a job while having the necessary education for it is much more likely to get the job, as opposed to someone who is either uneducated, or educated in an irrelevant field. For this reason especially, the youth should consider education an imperative part of their preparation to become adults and survive in the career world. Apart from this major aid in career advancement, education also presents itself as a tool to living a better life (Randall, pp. 457). It may not act as a complete guarantee to a better life, but it is a tool that helps a person perceives their life more clearly, whether this is in identifying opportunities or avoiding problems of several kinds. For instance, a person educating themselves in health and nutrition will be prepared not only for a

Types of composite materials Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Types of composite materials - Research Paper Example One good example of a composite material is the disk brake pad. The disk brake pad is made up of ceramic particles that are often times entrenched in soft metal matrix. Other examples include shower stalls, bathtubs and fiberglass. A mud brick is made up of clay, mud, sand and water in a process that is free of fire and is mixed with the aid of binding material including rice husks, coffee husks or maize chaff. This has been practiced since time memorial in the ancient civilization. In mud bricks the matrix is the mad whereas the reinforcing materials are the rice husks, coffee husks or maize chaff. Mud bricks are known to perform well under compression, however when bending forces are exerted on they tend to cave in. This, on further explanation is due to bending forces exerting a tension force. Mud bricks tend to resist pulling forces acting on them, but they tend to be weak when they are crumpled. It is common practice to leave the stiff mixture to dry in the sun for duration of about four weeks. This is common in places where the weather is warmer and there is diminutive timber to provide for the fuel for use in kilns. The use of stucco has been used to increase the life of mud bricks when the kiln dried mud bricks are placed on them. Mud bricks are used in construction industry for building houses, for example, in the implementation of adobe which is an energy saving and environmentally safe way to insulate a house (Measures 126). It is also used in constructing insulation material such as furnace. In this case it could be used to melt metal such as aluminum for making aircraft components. Laminate is a kind of composite material that is made up of layers or lamina that have unidirectional composite material. Some of the examples of laminar composite materials include continuous and aligned fiber reinforced plastics with matrix such as epoxy and polyester (Inova 56). In the

To what extent could it be argued that scientific management is good Essay

To what extent could it be argued that scientific management is good management - Essay Example Scientific management perspective has its origins from the work of Fredrick Winslow Taylor in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The management approach evolved during the industrial revolution when factories recognised the need for automation and mechanisation of some work processes. Some themes of industrial revolution and engineering included the need for rationality, efficiency, work ethic and standardisation of the best practices in order to eliminate waste (Taylor, 2010). Fredrick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management since he sought to introduce the ‘one best practice’ rather than allowing employee discretion in the tasks. Through ‘time and motion studies’, Taylor managed to fix job performance standards through introducing standardised ‘time, quality of work and costs’ associated with each job in the organisation (Taylor, 2010). Frank and Lillian Gilbreth advanced the fatique and motion studies that proved that proper job design and coordination of movements in the workplace reduced to efficiency through minimising time wastage and idle time. Henry Gantt introduced Gantt charts that demonstrated the priority of tasks and stages of production thus enabling employees to prioritise work and adhere with the work schedules. Thesis statement: scientific management is a good management in contemporary business environment since it increases organisational productivity and ensures efficiency in the production methods. Taylor based his scientific management on four principles that entail scientific study of work in order to determine the best efficient method of performing a specific task. Tsutsui (2001) claims that scientific study of work principle aims at replacing the ‘rule of thumb’ or common sense manner of doing jobs with a scientific manner than breaks down the job in to tasks and determines the most efficient method of doing the job in order to maximise efficiency. In this case, scienti fic management aims at enhancing workflow efficiency through redesigning the layout of the work environment in order to reduce time wastage and distractions. The second guiding principle of scientific management is the scientific selecting of workers for each job and training them to efficiently perform the tasks (Guillen, 1994). This principle is aimed at matching employees to their jobs depending of the required skills, capabilities and motivation of each individual worker in order to enhance productivity. The third principle entails monitoring worker performance, provision of job instructions and supervision in order to ensure workers are using the most efficient methods in their jobs (Taylor, 2010). In this case, Taylor advanced the notion that employee motivation is equivalent to incentive theory since employees are motivated by financial rewards. Taylor advocated that improvements in job productivity should be accompanied by equivalent increase in the piece-rate pay in order t o encourage the workers to commit more efforts and maximise their productivity. Lastly, the fourth principle of scientific management aims at dividing the wok between the managers and workers so that managers could concentrate on the application of scientific methods in designing tasks and supervision while workers can concentrate on the execution of their job according to the already established scientific methods

BAIDU & GOOGLE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BAIDU & GOOGLE - Research Paper Example The reasons of the above outcome are analyzed below; emphasis is given on the criteria on which the expansion of Google across the Chinese market was based. The reasons for the failure of Google in the Chinese market are also critically discussed. Despite its success in the global market, Google has not managed to acquire the dominance of the Chinese market as an advanced Search Engine machine. In fact, in accordance with a report published by the Search Engine Journal, the share of Google in the Chinese market has been estimated to 32.8% - whereas Baidu controls ‘the 56.8% of the search share’ (Baker 2008). It should be noted though that no significant competition seems to exist in the specific sector – it is noted that Baidu and Google control the 90% of the search share in China. ... wever, the time lost has been significant and Google is currently trying to cover the gap caused because of its short-term exit from the Chinese market. However, in accordance with Hotchkiss (2011) the reasons for the failure of Google in China are not just regulatory; it seems that the specific search engine cannot respond – at least not as effectively as – to the technical demands of the specific sector – emphasis is given on the structure of Chinese characters and the severe delays that can be reported when using these characters in a Search Engine machine. Moreover, it seems that the development of Google China has not helped towards the resolution of the above problem – as it could be possibly expected. The above problem is made clear through the following example: in a study developed by Hotchkiss (2011) in North America and China the time of response of Search Engines was set under comparison. In the case of search through Google – using West ern language – a time period of 8 up to 10 seconds has been required to retrieve the results. However, when using Google China the response to a search query ‘took about 30 seconds, and with Baidu over 55 seconds’ (Hotchkiss 2011). Apart from the time of response, the presentation of the findings is also problematic – referring to Google China. It is explained by Hotchkiss (2011) that the vertical scan (based on relevance) used commonly for checking the results cannot work in the case of Google China; instead it is necessary to check the whole list of results in order to select the required one (Hotchkiss 2011). In accordance with the above, the ability of Google to respond to the needs of Chinese people can be strongly doubted. At the next level, the following fact should be mentioned: in a recent (2011)

Report analysis on braintree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Report analysis on braintree - Essay Example Users usually sign up using their installed app or in Venmo website where they find friends who have created an account. Venmo account can be linked to users’ bank accounts, debit cards, or even credit cards (Moorthy, 2015). The leadership of Braintree Company encourages its employees to work towards achieving the goal, vision and mission of the company. The command creates a friendly environment for the employees through conducting performance appraisals and rewarding the best accordingly and also ensuring that their social needs are met, for instance, through recreational services (Hertz, 1999). Braintree encourages teamwork amongst the employees when doing their daily activities, and this promotes excellent performance. In addition, creativity, innovation, and invention are key qualities required of the employees (Hertz, 1999). In this area, the company focuses on outdoing its immediate competitors in the industry through the use of creativity, extensive training of employees as well as the use of the best technologies (Hertz, 1999). Payment wall supports payment options like credit cards, debit cards, landline payments, mobile payments, ATM payments, prepaid cards, kiosk-terminal payments, bank transfer as well as direct billing. Payment wall entered into the partnership with Alipay of China in 2011. This partnership has caused massive competition to Braintree (Moorthy, 2015). Stripe was founded in 2010, accepts payments online, and has expanded internet commerce by easing online business transactions and management as well. The stripe is developed for creators and makers, as it believes enabling more transactions is a problem rooted in code and design rather than in finance. Blue Snap It has optimized and reinvented and optimized the checkout experience by combining frictionless one-click checkout, intelligent payment routing, cross-border payments, multiple integration options, award-winning Smart

Is global warming caused by humans Research Paper

Is global warming caused by humans - Research Paper Example Today, it is not only the increase of temperature of the atmosphere but also ocean warming, ice caps and ice sheets melting, rise of sea level, and changes of biochemical cycles that take place because of climate change. That is why understanding of the causes of global warming is so important. There are two points of view on the character of global warming causes. Some of researchers claim it is natural causes that lead to climate change. However, the recent studies show that it is human-induced causes that are the main drivers of global warming. In the following research based on recent researches and statistical data, information on three main anthropogenic causes will be summarized, discussed and set against the natural factors with the aim to prove that it is humans who cause global warming of the atmosphere. The following research is important for it presents concise evidence of human involvement in global warming. These days, many scientists, researchers, environmentalists and, in fact, everybody who does care, express their concerns on the issue of the changes of climate on the Earth. More specifically, they argue that today the temperature of the planet tends to increase causing the global warming, which, in its turn, can lead to irreversible negative consequences for all the living beings which settle the planet. While the fact that global warming does take place has been proved in a great number of studies, its causes are still studied. Scientists, who work on the issue of climate change, agree that there are two causes of global warming, such as natural causes and human-induced ones. The latest researches show that the idea that natural causes are among the major ones that lead to climate change is irrelevant and that it is humans who are to blame for the irreversible warming of the Earths surface. Climate change is usually referred to as the change of weather patterns and trends over time. Overall, the atmosphere consists of

Issue facing texas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issue facing texas - Research Paper Example A part from education, there are some other issues that must also be addressed in Texas. These issues involve poverty, budget and tax payment. These issues have been there for long time but there are current reforms that have been put in place in orders to control these challenges. Education policy (university & colleges) There have been many challenges that are affecting the education sector in Texas. Some have been there for long while others have been caused by the current legislation and the type of education system that have been put in place. One of the major issues facing Texas colleges and university education is the lack of funds for both the students and the schools. The cost of colleges and universities are very high in Texas. This blocks many students from pursuing there postsecondary schools courses. In the past, the cost of colleges was average. Many parents were able to take their children for high education. This dream has been erased by the rise of school fees. Recen tly, college costs have risen at a very high rate. This rise has even exceeded the rate at which inflation goes up. Parents and students now feel they are being exploited by the government due to the rise in school fees. Some cannot afford to pay all the fees and their children are forced to drop out of college. This rise of education fees has been caused by Texas failure to pay taxes. There has been a big hole in Texas budget that has forced the tax payers’ lot money in trying to reduce the budget deficits ("Challenges Facing Career and Technical Education"). This issue of rise in school fees has been dealt with to some extent. There are some policies that have been put in place in order to reduce the rise in school fees. These measures also help parents and students raise enough money for high education. One of the measures that have been put in place includes giving financial aids to the students who are studying in colleges and universities. This aid is made effective by giving loans to the students. These loans are given through private financial institutions or federal government. These institutions include education tax credits, state loans, work-study programs and federal grants. These loans help many students in colleges. Those who are in the two-year community colleges can also benefit from the loans. They will be able to give back to the society after completing college. The loan is also available for those who are going for five years in their high education. Most of the students who are going for four years have high chances of getting these loans as compared to those who are going for two years. This is because the four-year courses are known to cost more money than the two-year courses ("Challenges Facing Career and Technical Education"). From my opinion, this policy of giving financial aid to students is very important. It helps many students whose dreams were to study in colleges and universities. It is also very essential for students who come from poor families. When these students complete their education, they will be able to help the other members of their families. This means that the financial aid important will help the whole society. K-12 Education There many issues that is associated with K-12 education in Texas. Some of the issues are caused by larger number of students in the lower grade schools. This large population in

Case 11-1 Let There Be Light Lampshade Company Assignment

Case 11-1 Let There Be Light Lampshade Company - Assignment Example This is arrived at by dividing the volume of the packaged box by the volume of one intermodal container (Wood, & Murphy, 2011). The amount got is multiplied by the number of Shades that are contained in each package boxes which in this case for the style C is 10. Again it is should be noted that the considerations made here are after the looking into the possible cost benefit analysis in terms of full truck load and the less than truck load issues n the shipments. The total costs of delivering style A shades are $ 13,512. This is disintegrated into package cost which is $ 1632, the cost of manufacturing of the shades which is $ 10,880, the cost of transporting each container which stands at $ 1000. All these are encompassed into one whole shipment cost of $ 13, 512. The delivery costs for the style B shades stands at $ 21,885.60. This is split into package cost of 1305.60; there is also the cost of shades manufacture which stands at $ 19,580 and lastly the container shipment cost which is $ 1000 (Wood, & Murphy, 2011). Thirdly the delivery cost of the style C shades stands at $ 42,126.40. This is divided into three sets of costs which include; the package costs which stands at $ 1958.40, there is also the cost of manufacturing the shades which stands at $ 39168. The cost of shipment of the container follows with the tune of $ 1000. It is imperative to note that as these calculations are presented, there is high inculcation of the fact that there is a high level of opportunity cost that have been forgone in order to come up with such solutions. This entails the restriction on the amount of pound that should not be exceeded when transporting a shipment of container across the ocean. This has created the impediment for the use of the container especially the containers that will have the style C shades (Chopra, and Meindl, 2013). As it stands now, the limit has to be set on the amount of shades that should be transported for the

Stolen Generation Essay Example for Free

Stolen Generation Essay The present day Australia is widely known as a beacon of multiculturalism. Every year, more and more immigrants are settling down in the country in a bid to seek better employment, education or even advance their quality of life in general. It is a policy that has strengthened the cultural development of the nation. Australias census in 2011, which is the official count of a population, reported that one in every four Australians is born overseas. This clearly demonstrates Australias vast idea of unity in diversity. Despite the movement of accepting multiculturalism into the nation, Australia is still involved in one of the biggest racial injustices in history by trying to breed out Aboriginal heritage from their land. Starting from the year 1910, the Australian government carries out actions to breed out the Aboriginal bloodline. They hoped to end the Aboriginal culture within a short time and get rid of the Aboriginal problem. In the early 20th century, a new policy started in which about 100,000 children were forcibly removed from their parents by the Australian government. This policy of removing children is infamously referred as the stolen generation, which this essay will be heavily based upon. Due to the vast amount of topics that Australias stolen generation covers, this essay will discuss how the Aborigines settled on Australian soil, the motives behind the stolen generation and attempts of reconciliation from the Australian governing bodies. Having lived in the land thousands of years prior to the arrival of the Europeans, Aborigines are one of the most primeval settlers of the Australian land. However, the arrival of British captain James Cook in 1770 marked the beginning of the end for the native Australians, as he claimed the land to be in possession of his home country, ignoring the fact that the land was already densely populated. All indigenous rights are extinguished ever since as they have no British citizenship rights. Captain James Cook claims that the Aborigines had no laws towards the ownership of the land. Taking social Darwinism into account, this would be one of the major reasons on why the British has taken abrupt control over the Aborigines or why the  stolen generation is occurring. The theory of social Darwinism strongly believes that only the strong will survive. The Europeans saw themselves to be superior towards the Aborigines hence their ruthless move to gain control on the Australian acreage. This case is further validated when the power-hungry Europeans conquered the African continent. Various European countries colonized the African land in mid 1880s, leaving only Liberia and Ethiopia as the remaining independent countries. Former Australian prime minister Paul Keating also acknowledged that European settlers were the ones who were largely responsible for the injustices caused to the Aboriginal people during his speech in 1992. Dubbed as the Redfern speech, it was largely known as one of the most notorious in Australian history. Publicly expressed to a large number of Indigenous Australians, Paul Keating expressed culpability over how Aboriginal people were treated. The people thought that the Aborigines were to have a better life if they were to become more like them, and this policy led to an act of injustice which was referred earlier as the â€Å"stolen generation,† and the children with Aboriginal descendant were separated from their parents and were institutionalized in secluded camps. The mentality of the white society was that it would be the best decision to remove the children from their parent’s influences and abandon their former lifestyle. In almost every state and territory in Australia, the children were forced into labor and received little or no education. The girls did domestic chores such as cleaning along with cooking while the boys mainly worked as stockmen. They worked in unfit working conditions. Their food was unclean and was infested with maggots. Despite working from the early hours for seven days a week, the children were only rewarded with a small amount of money or even worse, they receive nothing at all. The children were physically abused for speaking Aboriginal language and those who were sent to prison for rebellious acts often committed suicide. More children were taken as they were not as resistant compared to the Aboriginal adults. These actions were tremendously exhibited in Phillip Noyces film called The Rabbit Proof Fence which was released in 2002. Receiving numerous accolades, the story follows 3 aboriginal girls- Molly, Daisy and Gracie who escaped from an institution after being forcibly removed from their families to be trained as domestic staffs. They travelled as far as 2,400 kilometers on foot, hoping to return to their home. The movie was adapted from a book of the same name which was written by Doris Pilkington in 1996. Most of these acts finally stopped when many people who were inspired by the Civil Rights movement in the USA, saw the poor conditions that the Aborigines were living in and decided to take acts about the problem. In the year 1967, they met up with the Aborigines and they took steps towards a fairer treatment and attempted to change how the natives were treated in society. The revolution took steps but it worked and settled in well. By 1990, large amount of the land were returned to the Aborigines and they were able to have rights towards an equal citizenship, along with the power to vote. Steps towards reconciliation continue to take place until today, although the past acts have created a lasting, negative feeling towards the locals. The governments have also played an instrumental role in these attempts of reconciliation. This was signaled by former prime minister Kevin Rudds apology in 2008 towards the native Australians for their profound grief, suffering and loss. Thousands of Aboriginal Australians gathered in Canberra to watch the historic event which was also televised around the nation. On February 2009, the Australian government established the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Healing Foundation which is designed to deal with the trauma of the Aboriginal people after the effects of the conducts of the stolen generation. Financial supports have also been generated by the governments. In 2012, they announced that a total of $35 million will be spent to assist healthcare for the native Australians. Another $28 million will also be shelled out to upgrade houses in the remote areas, enabling better accesses to transportation routes, medical centers among other essential services in the  particular areas. A total budget of $206 million has also been green-lighted to support the lives of over 18,000 Aboriginal Australians living in rural areas. The area of education has also been a key improvement towards the Aborigines. In the 2011 Australian census, about 27% of the native Australian population have completed year 12 or its equivalence, compared to 22% in the 2006 census and a mere 20% in the 2001 census. More Aboriginal people are also getting widespread recognition for their achievements in todays society. Widely known as one of the best female tennis players of all time, Evonne Goolagongs efforts has led her to 14 Grand Slam titles. A testament to her talent materialized in 1976 as she was named as the best female tennis player in the world. Numerous Aboriginal Australians have also been noted for their remarkable contributions to Australian politics. People such as Neville Bonner and Aden Ridgeway has been named as the first Indigenous Australians to be named as the senator of Queensland and the senator of New South Wales, respectively. Although there have been numerous reconciliation attempts by the governing bodies, the removal of Aboriginal children is still widespread throughout Australia. As of 2013, almost 14,000 children has been removed. The Australian government, however, has denied any accusations towards the matter. The reason why the Aborigines doesnt find it easy to forgive and forget alone is the reason why I think the Australians should say sorry to the Aborigines. Thus, I conclude that after numerous years of prejudices, I feel that these acts of injustices should be stopped. Numerous apology and reconciliation attempts for the injustices are desperately needed to set an example for the younger generation, to prove that Australia has a proud and forgiving historical legacy, not a cruel and prejudiced country as exhibited beforehand.

The Role Of The Police Criminology Essay

The Role Of The Police Criminology Essay Roles are determined by social relations, which are governed by certain norms, and besides being comprised of habits, roles are not only constituted of obligations and responsibilities but also of rights and privileges. Since a level of importance is accorded to certain roles, those who occupy them have to be aware of and be committed to what the roles demand of them (Kleinig, 1996). Therefore, where police is concerned, their roles to enforce the law and maintain public order, and they should be committed to them. The police are the major law enforcement agency and besides undertaking crime control, they provide 24-hour emergency service and also give an all-purpose social service (Morgan Newburn, 1998). Since the duties of the police officers are diverse, as they even encompass social service, even if they are tentative due to lack of training in that particular department, four models have been proposed by Kleinig (1996) so as to provide an understanding of the roles and role conflicts of the police officers. They are the Crime-fighter, the Emergency Operator, the Social Enforcer and the Social Peace-keeper. 2.1.1 The Crime-fighter This model, supported by the social contract theory, has serious drawbacks as it overshadows the main role of the police and it renders police ethics meaningless. Police officers crime-fighter mode has a dualistic opinion on society. This dichotomy leads to the categorisation of people into two groups by the police officer. It prevents the officer from having an impartial judgement and from making the distinction between crimes, for example, shop-lifting and rape; and cultivates the tendency to be alienated from the population, with attitudes like us and them (Kleinig, 1996). This model is popular amongst police officers because they have come to believe that their survival in the law enforcement depends on their capacity to control crime (Morgan Newburn, 1998). However, police officers ought to realise that by emphasising too much on the enforcement of law, that is, fighting crime, they are forgetting one fundamental aspect of policing, which is to be of service to the public (Morgan Newburn, 1998). 2.1.2 The Emergency Operator A 24-hour service is provided by the police, because according to the emergency operator model, the police have to respond without any delay to the calls of help of the general population. As emergency operators, these officers have to respond to various cases, ranging from unexpected childbirths, family fights, road accidents, drunken fights in the middle of the night, to the occasional incidents of crimes (Morgan Newburn, 1998). 2.1.3 The Social Enforcer According to Bittner (1967): The role of the police is to address all sorts of human problems when and insofar as the problems solution may require the use of force at the point of occurrence. One of the core aspects of policing is the use of coercion to enforce the law and to maintain public order, and as stated by Bittner, it is the unifying feature of police work and the source of authority (Kleinig, 1996). To ensure crowd control and for peacekeeping purposes, coercive powers are required, as well as to bring to an end family disputes and other confrontations. However, the role of the police does not revolve solely around the powers of coercion but service to the citizens is equally important if not more. Moreover, the majority of the public find the police intimidating and not all situations demand the use of force. Therefore, a model which reconciles the role of enforcing the law of police officers with the expectations of the public is required. 2.1.4 The Social Peacekeeper As said by Kleinig (1996) the social peacekeeper model accommodates more aptly the various tasks of the police officer. This model emphasises the role of the crime-fighter and the emergency operator. Although the model gives police officers the authority to use coercive force, more emphasis is laid upon the subservient character of policing. Studies have shown that peacekeeping is the primary function of the police (Morgan Newburn, 1998). Yet, it is important to note that fighting crime and ensuring peace and order in a society is not the duty of the police but of the citizens as well because as they are part of the society, they also have the duty towards it, and they also should be committed to it. 2.2 Ethics in Policing Police functions have existed as long as human societies have existed (Kleinig, 1996) as the main tenet underlying police conduct and police ethics are, firstly the respect for human dignity and human rights and secondly, respect for the legal rule and the principle of legality. It is crucial that enforcing law and maintaining public order must be congruent with respect for the human person (Domingue, 2003). According to Sunahara (2002), discussions on ethics entails discussions on relationships, therefore, any discussions on relationships is also synonymous of discussions about the relationship between the police and the public. Even during arrest, detention and interrogation of suspects, maintenance of ethical standards is an important procedure. That is why the respect for human rights is the core principle of ethical policing, and policing in a democracy must be grounded on the consent of the population (Domingue, 2003). Since law enforcement is a profession, ethics and ethical conduct play an important role. Ethics and ethical standards involve doing the right thing at the right time in the right way for the right reason (Grant, 2002). To gain the respect of the public, police officers must behave correctly all the time both on duty and off duty. According to the police code of ethics, an officers fundamental duties are to serve the community, to protect people and property alike, to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and respect the constitutional rights of all to liberty, equality and justice. The code of ethics also states that officers must keep their private lives untarnished and recognise the badge and the uniform as a symbol of public faith and trust (Grant, 2002). Unless they are put into practice, these codes of ethics are mere words. The codes of ethics should have the same value for the police officers as the sacred texts for the religious individuals. What is essential is that police officers should act impartially, maintain confidentiality, make use of discretion, use force only when necessary and most importantly police officers should possess integrity. Ideally, by adhering to the codes of conduct, the officers will perform their duties correctly, according to procedures, and ultimately, no one, neither the media nor the public will tarnish the image of the police; but in reality this is not what happens. Given the nature of the police work, the public has a keen interest in it because policing is like a moral crucible in which the risks taken by the police and the prospects for moral actions are magnified (Cohen Feldberg, 1991). This scrutiny on the behalf of the general public is probably due to the fact that the police officers are the guardians of law and order in a democratic society. Every misconduct or mistake is exacerbated by the general public because the latter holds the belief that police officers should be the pillars of morality. Moreover, it is generally expected that officers, with no time for pondering, should act quickly and confidently in situations where the outcome is not readily anticipated (Cohen Feldberg, 1991). Nonetheless, one should not expect police ethics to characterise a distinctive type of ethics, but rather to be the expression of a more general ethics within the police context. The ethical demands on police under which all are placed, by virtue of common humanity, they are demands coloured by the specific roles that the police have and shaped by the circumstances under which they must decide (Kleinig, 1996). 2.3 Ethical Issues faced by the Police Force For an objective study on police deviance, it is necessary to define the term deviance. In simple terms, deviance is defined as behaviour which is totally different from or unacceptable by the norms and standards of society. However, given the complexity and the range of norms and values affecting the police, the study of deviance within the police demands an understanding of the difference in norms expressed at the legal, organisational, and internal levels (Kappeler, Sluder Alport, 1998). The discovery of police deviance is almost difficult to detect, but there exist some generally acceptable standards which evaluate the acceptability of behaviour. There are two groups of ethical standards which govern the police conduct, the first group being the external standards which include: constitutional, criminal and civil laws. The external standards apply to both the police and the general public. The second set of standards is internal standards, which are the departmental policies, pr ocedures, and regulations, and apply solely to the police (Kappeler et al., 1998). However, despite the existence of rules and laws governing police deviance, deviant police officers are a reality which cannot be ignored. When there are these types of occurrences, the responses are rather negative, depending on who discovered the deviant(s). On a first level, depending on the gravity of the act, the officer will have to be sanctioned; secondly, if the deviant behaviour has been discovered by a member of the press, then most probably the matter would be blown out of proportion so as to render the information sensational, and thirdly, there would be a decrease in trust for the police by the general public (Kappeler et al., 1998). Before embarking on the different types of deviance, it is important to understand the classification of the forms of misconduct. According to OConnor (2006), they are classified as: Malfeasance intentional commission of a forbidden act or intentional unjust performance of some act which the party had no right (e.g., gratuity, perjury) Misfeasance performance of a duty or act that one is obligated or permitted to do in a manner which is improper or negligent (e.g., report writing, aggressively reprimanding a citizen, improper searching of arrestees) Nonfeasance failure to perform an act which one is obligated to do either by law or directive due to omission or failure to recognise the obligation (e.g., failure to file a report, improper stop and search, security breach) 2.3.1 Types of Police Deviance 2.3.1.1 Affective and Discriminatory Acts Affective acts involve the expressions of emotions, but not all affective acts lead to police misconduct, as behaviour driven by emotions can lead to positive results (Sunahara, 2002). However, affective acts become deviant when it leads to overly aggressive behaviour, which makes the officer to physically or verbally assault a suspect, and such behaviours are against the police code of conduct, and frowned upon by the general population. Discriminatory acts are actions resulting from the negative assessment of a persons group characteristics (Sunahara, 2002). These acts can be translated into racism, xenophobia, homophobia, or they can be directed towards the marginalised individuals (for e.g., those people who are from deprived areas or homeless persons) and people belonging to minority groups. 2.3.1.2 Police Shakedown Police Shakedown occurs when a police officer extorts a business owner for protection money and it arises mainly with bars, prostitution rings, drug dealing and illegal gambling (Domingue, 2005). Extortion is characterised by any form of taking or obtaining property from another person by means of illegal compulsion or oppressive exaction. In common law it is defined as a crime committed by an officer of law, who, under cover of office, unlawfully takes any money or other valuable. 2.3.1.3 Police Perjury Perjury is generally defined as the false statement made under oath with respect to a solid matter, either in legal proceeding, as by witness at a trial, or in matters in which an oath is authorised or required by law. In this case, it would be the officer giving a false testimony. Police perjury is amounted to an act of corruption as the officer would be lying commission or by omission so as to ensure that the perpetrator is punished. It has been observed that most acts of perjury are committed by good cops who believe that the criminal would be acquitted if not for their lie (OConnor, 2006). 2.3.1.4 Police Brutality and Abuse of Authority According to OConnor (2006), police brutality is defined as force, name-calling, sarcasm, ridicule, and disrespect, which is a milder definition of police brutality unlike Kania and Mackeys (1977) much harsher definition, who view police brutality as excessive violence which does not help the legitimate police purpose. Besides, brutality in the police also involves abusive language, threats of implied violence, and actual use of physical force (Domingue, 2003). Police Brutality occurs in concurrence with police perjury as officers who commit police brutality will most likely lie on the stand to prevent the possibility of a lawsuit or departmental charges. In the Mauritian context, police brutality as perceived by the public is a real scourge. According to the Mauritian press, some police officers view their uniform as a sign of superiority, which also give them a sense of immunity to punishments and reprimands (LExpress, 2007). As stated by the same article, the Police Complaints Investigation Bureau received some 400 complaints of physical and verbal abuse in 2003. However, in Mauritius Times (2005) the reasons given for such acts committed by the law enforcement officials were the long hours put by the police, which in the case of some, lead them to lose their calm, the latter also deal with habitual criminals and people who would not think twice before attacking the police or change their statements. 2.3.1.5 Police Corruption According to the Select Committee on Fraud and Corruption in December 2001: It is impossible to measure the actual extent of corruption in Mauritius. Corruption leaves no visible trace, no blood stain and no finger prints. It is a consensual crime shrouded in secrecy. The participants are willing, consenting and happy. Not a crime of passion, corruption thrives on secrecy and silence. It is only when a person feels cheated or is actuated by a rare sense of duty and loyalty that he will report an instance of corruption. Rarely does a participant have an interest in revealing the deal. Few crimes are as hard as to prove. Perceived to be a victimless crime, it has a devastating effect on our livelihood This small excerpt was on the general occurrences of corruption. Police corruption is form o police deviance, and is an extension of the definition of corruption as given by the Select Committee (2001). However, to put in simpler words corruption is defined as the abuse of police authority for personal or organisational gain. This comes in many shapes and sizes, from the major drug trafficking and money laundering to looking the other way on minor everyday violations of the law (Grant, 2002). Corruption can be broken down into two sections, internal and external corruption. Internal corruption is the illegal acts and agreements within a police department by more than one of the officers. External corruption is the illegal acts and agreements with the public by one or more officers in a department. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: firstly, misuse of authority, secondly, misuse of official capacity, and lastly misuse of personal attainment (Holloway, 2002). 2.4 Moral Dimensions of Policing During the pre-World War era, the idea of police ethics seemed to be contradictory, as it was portrayed progressive but few police officers advocated its practice and fewer civilians demanded it (Cohen Feldberg, 1991). However, this is not the case nowadays because; the public are now more keenly interested in the nature and proceedings of policing. This is so because the nature of the occupation in this particular domain is like a moral crucible, in which the risks taken by the police officers and the opportunities for moral actions are magnified. This scrutiny by the public is probably due to the fact that these officers act as the guardians of law and order in a democratic society. The general population also has the mistaken belief that, given the nature of the work, police officers need to be pillars of morality. In this context, it is expected of the officers to act, with no time for pondering, quickly and authoritatively in situations where the outcomes are not readily anticipated. On top of that, these officers are accountable for every event and/or every choice made. In this line of work, every action and non-action carries a moral weight for the officer. One of the key aspects of policing is discretion, which serves to help the officers in maintaining their duties as societys peace keepers and law enforcers. Nevertheless, this powerful tool that discretion represents is restrained by the laws and rules (for example, the code of conduct for police officers), which govern the actions of the police. Police officers, as figures wielding authority, are not complete free agents. For example, for the arrest of a suspect, they have to follow a certain procedure. This is illustrated by making sure that an arrest is lawful. Therefore, it is imperative that the reasons for the arrest, the power and the identity of the arresting officers are known (Domingue, 2005). However, despite the efforts employed to regulate police work, there is a degree of opportunity for options and choices in the performance of the job. According to Jerome Skolnick (1966), the work of the police is such that even the most routine work contains an element of discretion. The officer has the freedom to be a witness of the violations of law and order, which will lead to a subsequent arrest or he/she can turn a blind eye on such illegal occurrences. The officer has also the choice to end a dispute (for example, domestic dispute or dispute among neighbours) quickly or can hand over the case to a court clerk or lawyer and make the matter drag in court for a long period of time (Cohen Feldberg, 1991). The gist of the matter in this case is that the officer has the opportunity to make use of discretion, that is, make decisions on his or her own, almost on a daily basis and the occurrences are more frequent when the officer is on field. Another important matter to be taken in to consideration here is that a crucial part of policing involves the use of authority and coercion. According to Kleinig (1996), the concept of authority understands a complex unity. The term authority can be subdivided into three forms of authority: Positional or de jure authority (i.e., where the individual is in authority), Actual or de facto authority (i.e., where the individual has authority), and Expert authority (i.e., when the individual is an authority). It is usually claimed that these three forms of authority are conceptually independent; because someone who has authority does not necessarily mean that he or she is in an authority or is an authority. The same argument goes for the other two forms of authority. Authority is not a property which people possess but is essentially a normative social relation, i.e., a status which is granted. An individual who is in authority or has authority or is an authority, is one which is recognized by others as being in position to do or require or know about the object of authority. An important matter to be taken into consideration is that authority is often associated with power. But in many circumstances, where the police officers are concerned, this power is regulated by laws and rules. The underlying notion of authority is the presumption that the officer (or any individual) is in the know (Kleinig, 1996). This does not mean that the person is an expert about the object of authority. Police authority is a form of governmental authority and if the government loses credibility in the eye of the public, this will be reflected in the authority perceived to possess by the police. As authority figures, police officers are met with hostility on behalf of the public, because as law enforcers and maintainers of public order, they have as one of their duties to execute unpopular policies. In such cases, they are seen as oppressive rather than authoritative. Another factor which makes the public more hostile towards the law enforcement officials is the use of coercion. But coercive force is required in policing and it becomes a moral problem because coercion is both permitted and limited (Cohen Feldberg, 1991). It is important to take into account that: Police tend to have no greater moral insight or powers of analysis than the rest of us, but they have jobs that throw them into more perilous situations (italics added, Cohen Feldberg, 1991, pg. 6). 2.5 Stress in Policing 2.5.1 Definition of Stress Stress is the condition that results when person-environment transactions lead the individual to perceive a discrepancy, whether real or not, between the demands of a situation and the resources of the persons biological, psychological or social systems. In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. Stressful stimuli can be mental, physiological, anatomical or physical reactions. The term stress in this context was coined by Austro-Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye, who defined the General Adaptation Syndrome or GAS paradigm in 1936. Stress is a complex term to define. Its simplest definition might be that it is an event or situation that forces a person to adapt to the event. Stress is the event itself and the reaction to that event within the person experiencing it. Thus stress is completely subjective. What may be stressful to one person might be pleasant or fun to another. Flying, for example, can cause some people to develop anxieties and panic attacks while others love to fly and look forward to the flight. What is more, everyones body responds in the same way to a stressful event, or any event for that matter, but the people that suffer from stress related illness and problems find it hard to turn their bodys response off. Psychological stress is more to do with the turning off of the bodys stress responses to a situation. The bodys stress response is to increase the flow of hormones adrenaline and cortisol in the bloodstream. This has the affect of raising the heart rate, redirecting blood from the extremities and stomach to the vital organs, changing the consistency of the blood for potential injury and making our senses more aware. Psychological stress may have evolved from a real event that caused an emotional disturbance in the past. This event may have been the messy splitting up from a relationship that leads to emotional pain. As the event recedes into the past other sentiments within the persons psyche tend to cause anxiety and stress. So the person might feel unattractive to the opposite sex or lose confidence in socialising with people. These issues will cause stress for the person and can lead to other behaviours that induce stress. They may find it hard to stay focussed or feel that their personality is disintegrating or get anxiety attacks. 2.5.2. Work-related Stress Work-related stress is the process that where work demands of various types and combinations exceed the persons capacity and capability to cope. It is a significant cause of illness and disease and is known to be linked with high levels of sickness absence, staff turnover and other indicators of organisational underperformance including human error. Occupational stress is defined as the mind-body arousal resulting from the physical and/or psychological job demands. The appraisal of a stressor as threatening leads to anxiety and anger and the associated activation of the autonomic nervous system. If severe and persistent, the resulting physical and psychological strain may produce adverse behavioural consequences (Spielberger et al., 2003). A healthy job is likely to be one where the pressures on employees are appropriate in relation to their abilities and resources, to the amount of control they have over their work, and to the support they receive from people who matter to them. As health is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity but a positive state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (WHO, 1986), a healthy working environment is one in which there is not only an absence of harmful conditions but an abundance health-promoting ones. A healthy work environment is one in which staff have made health and health promotion a priority and part of their working lives. 2.5.3. Work-related Stress amongst Police Officers Police stress can be found wherever there is functioning police officers. Unlike any other work-related stress, research has proved that causes and effects of stress amongst police officers are more pronounced and unique among law enforcement officers (Finn Tomz, 1996). Law enforcement is considered to be one of the most stressful occupations which results in domestic violence, alcoholism, suicide, and other emotional and health problems (Anderson King, 1991). Exposure to police stressors can lead to serious physical and psychological health problems, and these problems can result in reduced work productivity, increased absenteeism, higher turnover and so on (Parsons, 2004). In a study carried out by Mandy Larcombe in 2007) it was found that stress among police officers was such an issue in years 2004 and 2005 that about 250,000 days were lost across the United Kingdom police forces due to stress related illnesses, which had amounted to a loss of  £40M a year, and 20 percent of those police officers had exhibited symptoms of depression. 2.5.3.1 Sources of Stress for Police Officers Different officers are likely to perceive different events as stressful, depending on their individual background, personalities, expectations, law enforcement experience, years on the job, type of police work they perform, and access to coping resources (Kirschman et al., 1992). Nevertheless, the sources of stress which seem to be common among police officers fall into three main categories: Organisational Stressors; Operational Stressors, and Stress related to the individual officers personal life and approach to stressful events. 2.5.3.1.1 Organisational Stressors Although many people perceive the danger and tension of law enforcement work (glamorised in books, movies, and television shows) to be the most serious stress for officers, research has shown that much of the stress felt by police officers emanate from the organisation itself. Kahn and Byosiere (1992) categorized stressors in organisational life into two groups termed task content and role properties. Task content stressors are the physical aspects of organizational life that characterise the task at hand including its complexity, simplicity, or monotony and the physical conditions under which it must be carried out, such as extreme temperatures, equipment inadequacies or excessive noise. Role properties on the other hand, are the psychosocial aspects of organisational life, which characterise the social nature of the job including role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload and interpersonal relations between superior officers and subordinate personnel. 2.5.3.1.1.A Task Content It is generally assumed that police officers often work in dire physical conditions, for example, patrolling in adverse weather conditions which may lead to stress. However, the feeling of stress may be compounded by substandard equipment and facilities. In addition to the physical conditions, police work cannot be said to be simple. Policing a democratic society is exceedingly complex (Goldstein, 1977) and the opportunity for contradiction is always present (Kinnane, 1979). Police-citizen encounters occur within a defined set of laws, rules and regulations which is ever increasing and indistinct, where decisions are not differentiated into right and wrong, yes or no. The decision environment is often vague and less than ideal, which may not produce the ideal result. More than often, police work is monotonous and tedious, especially during nightshift. Boredom is punctuated by brief periods of excitement that raise and lower physiological responses to the stimuli creating fatigue (Coman and Evans, 1991; Dwyer, 1991), which may weaken judgment, slow reaction time and increase the risk that a police officer will respond in an inappropriate manner (Lauber and Kayten, 1988). 2.5.3.1.1.B Role Properties Role properties are also referred to as the psychosocial aspects of the work environment, which involve relations with co-workers and supervisors. 2.5.3.1.1.B(i) Role Conflict Role conflict is defined as the perpetual differences regarding the content of the role or the relative importance of its elements (Muchinsky,1996). These differences may occur among the police officers who may not have the same role expectations. One example which may portray role conflict among the police officers is their role as Social Peace-keeper and that of Crime fighter. The conflict emanates from these two models where the police officer is expected to deal aggressively against criminal behaviour while at the same time, protect the constitutional rights of the citizens. The contrast between what the police are expected to do and what the police actually do is enormous. Unfortunately, the police function suffers from numerous conflicts, contradictions and ambiguities that are not easily resolved. Another instance of role conflict stems from the paradox between police training and the realities of police work. 2.5.3.1.1.B(ii) Role Overload Muchinsky (1997:308) defines role overload as a variant of role conflict in which conflict is experienced as a necessity to compromise either quantity, time schedule or quality. Todays police officers are being told to work faster in the face of an increasing workload that is set within longer shifts (Heiler, 1998; Winefield et. al, 2002). Some research differentiates the concept of role overload as too much work (quantitative) and work that is too difficult (qualitative) (Cooper and Marshall, 1977). 2.5.3.1.1.B(iii) Role Ambiguity Role ambiguity is derived from the symbolism and rhetoric proffered by police departments to legitimize aspects of its behaviour. Top police administrators often resort to symbolic measures and rhetoric to preserve the status quo and to create favourable public impressions (Lorinskas et al., 1985). Symbolic statements or perfunctory policies serve a variety of functions, many of which police executives use to shape the workforce and community sentiment for the agency and its policies instead of making any substantive change (Kelling, 2008). 2.5.3.1.2 Operational Stressors Although organisational factors and policies may be the most widespread and frustrating sources of stress for many law enforcement personnel, there are occasions when the work itself constitute a source of stress. Operational stressors ar

Examining The De Escalation Of Violence Nursing Workplace Nursing Essay

Examining The De Escalation Of Violence Nursing Workplace Nursing Essay In the United States there are 1.7 million incidents each year where workplace violence has taken place (Mattingly, 1994-2011). Twelve percent of the incident involved a healthcare worker or a mental health worker (Mattingly, 1994-2011). In the Midwest sixty seven percent of nurses have been physically assaulted at least once within six months (Mattingly, 1994-2011). For the longest time they have been using only chemical restraints and seclusion and restraints as an intervention for dealing with agitated patients (Mattingly, 1994-2011). This has been an intervention used by healthcare workers for a long time. They use this method to deal with aggressive agitated patients in both the emergency room and the psychiatric hospitals (Mattingly, 1994-2011). A new method that has been introduced is de-escalation. According to International Journal of Mental Health Nursing the definition of de-escalation is the gradual resolution of a potentially violent and or an aggressive situation throug h the use of verbal and physical expression of empathy, alliance and non-confrontational limit setting that is based on respect (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Most health care workers do not have the skills needed to care for the mentally ill population. This paper will discuss: what causes this problem; what is the nurse role in caring for the patient; other alternatives and the outcomes and how a nurse would use these interventions in practice . There are several factors that cause healthcare providers to face difficulties while dealing with aggressive and mentally ill patients. Nowadays they have been working under limited conditions (Bigwood Crowe, 2008). These units lack teamwork, leadership and they are much very unorganized (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Hospital units are overcrowded. In many regions, in order to get a bed in the psychiatric hospital, patients have to wait in the emergency room until a bed becomes available (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). This ends in an overcrowded emergency room, low staffing ratio, the nurse is unable to exercise patience, and the patient is becoming increasingly agitated because they are confined to a bed in a little corner of an emergency room (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Hospitals are not taking the time to properly train these healthcare providers that are caring for this group (Cowen, Davies, Est all, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). They are also unorganized when it comes to delegating functions and roles to the staff (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). In a crisis situation when a patient is agitated, if functions and roles are delegated everyone would be able to know what part they will partake in the situation (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Without this training the healthcare provider tends to lack the confidence in caring and dealing with these patients (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). There are interventions to take when it comes to de-escalating a patient. The role of the nurse is to recognize the warning signs (Townsend, 2006). People do not just start off escalated. It starts off with small stages. The patient may become anxious. This may be a sign of impeding danger or threat that the patient faces discomfort (Townsend, 2006). They may start pacing, which is a back and forward movement (Townsend, 2006). Patients usually pace as a way to deal with stress or anxiety. They might exhibit excessive body movements which include: tremors, non-purposeful movements and shaking (Townsend, 2006). They also increase the volume and tempo of their voice, and their facial expression (Townsend, 2006). Recognizing these signs can help eliminate an escalating situation (Townsend, 2006) (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Special skills are needed when it comes to de-escalating a patient. The most important intervention is to ensure safety(Townsend, 2006). Make sure the patient and the other patients are safe on the unit (Townsend, 2006). To ensure safety, remove the patient from the environment (Townsend, 2006). If that is not possible, remove the other patients from the environment (Townsend, 2006). Remove any potentially dangerous items from the area immediately (Townsend, 2006). Remove any staff that might be agitating the patient. Identify and remove stressors and remove them from them from the vicinity. The main goal in this situation is to reduce the stimuli (Townsend, 2006). Healthcare providers will need to learn how to communicate with the patient. Communicating with the patient will involve verbal skills, which is called verbal de-escalation and nonverbal skills. The definition of verbal de-escalation is a complex therapeutic interactive process in that it is the act of talking to the patient and decreasing the patient from disturbed and excitability (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). The key to verbal de-escalation is knowing how to talk to an individual to calm them down. When de-escalating a situation make sure open ended questions are asked and open ended statements are made (Townsend, 2006). This will allow the patient the opportunity to express themselves and tell the healthcare provider what is wrong (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Make sure you find a calm space for the patient (Townsend, 2006). This will reduce the stimuli. Always avoid confrontation and judgmental comments to the patient. When talking to the patient give the patient your undivided attention (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Giving someone undivided attention involves facing them directly and giving them direct eye contact (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Speak in a calm tone. Make your presence is known by introducing yourself and your title. Your posture should be relaxed and comfortable (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). A defensive stance like arms around the waist or the hands are not visible can send a threating message to the patient (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Make sure statements will be reiterated to let the patient know that you were actively listening to them (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). This will help clarify unclear information. The healthcare provider should be compassionate. At the same time they should be firm. They should not make promises or challenges. Keep statements clear and concise(Townsend, 2006). Lengthy and complex statements are avoided because the patient is mostly focused on one thing at a time (Townsend, 2006). It is also important to identify two types of escalated patients (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). Always keep in mind that some patients will try to gain control of the situation (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). They will try to be manipulative (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). It is the duty of the healthcare provider to allow the patient to take responsibility for their own actions and to regain control of themselves or the situation (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). In any situation, the most common solution to any problem is respect. Showing respect to anyone goes a long way. There are other alternative interventions that are used other than de-escalation: medication, seclusion and restraints. Medication is also considered to some people as a chemical restraint. Some healthcare providers use it as way to control and restrain a patients behavior (Bigwood Crowe, 2008). The patient does not have any control over their body. A chemical restraint contains Haldol a typical antipsychotic and Ativan a benzodiazepine (Mattingly, 1994-2011). This shot has been known to put a patient down for several hours. Patients have to be monitored very closely to ensure safety and to detect the adverse effects that are involved with the typical antipsychotic medication (Bigwood Crowe, 2008). Anti-psychotics block dopamine receptors in the body (Unbound Medicine, 2000-2011). It mainly works on the positive symptoms that patients are affected by (Townsend, 2006). The side effects of typical antipsychotics can be anything from seizures, blurred vision, respiratory depression, c onstipation, dry mouth, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardative dyskinesia (Unbound Medicine, 2000-2011). They are called extrapyramidal symptoms. While the patient is on this medication the nurse needs to monitor the patients vital signs, assess the mental status of the patient, assess for positive and negative symptoms, and assess intake and output to monitor bowel and bladder function (Unbound Medicine, 2000-2011). Monitor the patients laboratory reports, mainly the complete blood count with differential and liver function tests (Unbound Medicine, 2000-2011). These should be monitored during drug therapy (Unbound Medicine, 2000-2011). Benzodiazopines depresses the CNS and increases GABA in the body (Unbound Medicine, 2000-2011). This drug puts patients at risk for psychological and physiological dependence (Mattingly, 1994-2011). Seclusion and Restraint is another alternative way to control a patient. It is also known as timeout (Townsend, 2006). It is supposed to be used as a tool to guarantee safety to both staff and the patient involved. It has proven to cause more harm physically and psychologically to the patient (Bigwood Crowe, 2008). These are intended to be used as a last resort for patients that are posing harm to themselves or others (Bigwood Crowe, 2008). The procedure taken to administer this means of safety can be very risky (Bigwood Crowe, 2008). Staff and patients tend to become injured as a result of this procedure (Bigwood Crowe, 2008). Although at times nurses cannot avoid seclusion and restraints they need to administer them with care and compassion. That would include making sure that the patients basic needs are met. Have the patient stay in seclusion and restraints for a very limited time, at least until the patient has calmed down and can guarantee safety (Townsend, 2006). Again the nurse should monitor the vital signs, nutritional status, mental status when the patient is restrained (Townsend, 2006). Applying de-escalation to nursing practice will decrease the amount of injuries in mental health hospitals and emergency room (Cowen, Davies, Estall, Berlin, Fitzgerald, Hoot, 2003). This will provide the nurse with the confidence in dealing with the mentally ill population. Patients needs will be able to be met more efficiently, because the nurse will be educated on how to care for them and how to communicate with the patient. In practice, a nurse will treat mentally ill patients like any other type of person in society. This will consist of treating the patients with respect and ensure them with safety. The main thing to remember is that a nurse can never go wrong with taking the time to assess their patient. It will paint a picture of what is going on with a patient. With that, a nurse will be able to notice the early warning signs of an agitated patient. By doing so, their needs will be addressed. The patient may request medication or the patient may just be hungry. Nurses should continue to take classes to learn a lot more communication techniques on how to communicate with these particular types of patients. Giving them undivided attention and showing them that they are cared for as a patient, will ensure and verify that nurses has a lot of compassion in what they do. My passion is taking care of the mentally ill.

Dr. Faustus Consumed by Pride in Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus E

Dr. Faustus Consumed by Pride in Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus In this theoretic play, Christopher Marlowe presents a man that is well educated, but is in search of more than what education can give to him. Dr. Faustus is a man possessed by himself, blown up in pride, and blinded by his own intellect. This blind, self- centered man challenges the ideals of death and the Devil. The first scene opens with Dr. Faustus in his study, he is seated, and then he begins to speak in depth of what he wants to do. He talks of his graduation from the different levels of education. With his words there is an air of hubris, he wants all to notice him, and what he has accomplished. He claims that logic has overcame him, more of a pun or a sarcastic reach on his audience. He goes on to say, should logic be disputed or is it the main thought in the end. And without logic then what is there? So he finally contends that he has read it all and that he knows all the logic that he needs to know. A greater subject is needed now to fill the needs of Dr. Faustus. He wants something which will challenge his knowledge. So he looks to the medical field to fill his desires. But he has seen where the philosopher leaves off and the physician begins. Faustus in his vain wit says, I become a physician, to make lots of money, and to be known for creating some wondrous cure. But this does not fit for Faustus either. He states in the end there is medicine and it is only sustains our body to health. And then he asks himself, have not I obtained such knowledge, and isn't the common knowledge that he already has all that he needs? Once again he asks himself, I have cured whole cities and his work hangs on the wall in the form of a writing to show all o... ...nerals, is what is required to be a magician. He tells Faustus that he can not have any doubt, that he will be an expert in the craft, and all the oracle of Apollo will be his. What more could you want, than to have the power to dry the sea, and bring you every treasure from the wrecks that lay at the bottom of the sea. Faustus agrees and is now more convinced that he wants to conjure up the spirits so that he can have all that they have spoken. In the final part of scene one they conspire to find a place to perform the ritual and get all the things that they need to call up the spirits. But first Faustus wants to dine with them and before he will rest again he will bring forth the spirits that will give him all the power that he desires. Thus, we see now that Faustus pride has taken over completely and that he will stop at nothing to get what he wants at any cost.

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Presidential Election Essay

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict and the Presidential Election America has lost sight of the big picture. The war on terror is not going to be won through military endeavors or through appeals for international cooperation. Sure, those are both essential parts of combating terrorism, and Americans strive to achieve in both categories. However, this is not a war to simply meet indiscriminate aggression against aggression. This is neither a World War nor a Cold War. Only about one-third of the battle against terrorism is fought through military means, and that’s the easy part. The remaining 66 percent – the bulk of the big picture – deals with convincing those hostile to American intentions that flying planes into buildings, strapping bombs to chests and planting mines near roadsides is a waste of time, energy, and valuable lives. What can America do to offer people of the Middle East alternatives to terrorism while simultaneously standing unequivocally opposed to terrorism and its tactics? Whatever policy it chooses to pursue, one thing is certain: the starting point is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is from America’s stance in this situation that all hostilities towards the United States stem. Here’s the thing: Arab nations strongly sympathize with the Palestinian cause. For most of them, it is their number one foreign policy issue, even though it really has nothing to do with the interests of the individual states. Many Arabs feel that it is their duty to do everything in their power to oppose the aggressor, Israel, and its main supporter, the United States. If you combine this with a largely uneducated and population without jobs that’s frequently manipulated by radical clerics, you have a r... ...;http://english.aljazeera.net/HomePage>. 2. Bennet, James. Israel Rightists Endorse Pullout from Gaza Strip.† New York Times 19 April 2004: N1+. 3. Foreign Policy: Working for Peace in the Middle East and Security for Israel. John Kerry for President. 20 April 2004 . 4. Friedman, Thomas L. â€Å"Kicking Over the Chessboard.† New York Times 18 April 2004: WK13. 5. Middle East. 20 April 2004. BBC News. 20 April 2004 . 6. Myre, Greg. â€Å"Leader of Hamas Killed by Israel in Missile Attack.† New York Times 18 April 2004: N1+. 7. A National Security Strategy that Meets the Challenges of Our Time. Bush Cheney ’04. 20 April 2004 . 8. Paula Zahn Now (Replay). CNN. 20 April 2004, 2:00 a.m. – 3:00 a.m.

Shc 23 – Introduction to Equality

Introduction to Equality and Inclusion in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings 1. 1The term ‘Diversity’ means the state or fact of being diverse; different or unlike. Within equality and inclusion it is the difference between individuals and groups including: culture, nationality, ability, ethnic origin, gender, age, religion, beliefs, sexual orientation and social class. The term ‘Equality’ means the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in-quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability.It means that everyone is offered the same choices and opportunities, everyone is treated with respect and each individuals needs are catered for. The term ‘Inclusion’ means the act of including. Inclusion values diversity meaning that no-one is left out, and places individuals at the centre of planning and support. The term ‘Discrimination’ means the treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit eg racial and religious intolerance and discrimination. . 2There are two main types of discrimination; direct and indirect. Direct discrimination may occur in the workplace in the form of institutional discrimination, whereby people may not think I am as good at working with children and young people because I am a man. Discrimination by individuals including bullying, labelling, prejudice and stereotyping is also direct discrimination because it is usually specifically targeted. This can have a negative effect in the workplace as it can lead to lack of opportunities for certain members of the group.Indirect discrimination can take place by accident. It can come as a result of lack of knowledge and understanding. If I cannot effectively communicate with someone because I don’t know anything about them, that could lead to inadve rtent and unintentional exclusion. 1. 3 Equality and inclusion are the opposite of discrimination. Therefore, practices which support equality and inclusion can only serve to extinguish discrimination. If everybody is treated equally with the same rights and respect for each other regardless of race, age and ability, then discrimination cannot take place.This can be achieved by making all areas accessible to people of all abilities, and by reducing barriers within communication. Together they make the promotion of participation easier. 2. 1Within my role as a trainee practitioner, I have to abide by the following codes of practice and legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Disability Discrimination Act 2005 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 The Equality Act 2010 Equality and Human Rights Commission 2. In our setting, children and adults alike are all treated equally. Religious beliefs, cultures and va lues are all taken into account. An example of this would be our snack table, all dietary requirements – some health reasons and some religious reasons are catered for. As such, nothing is ever served which go against peoples beliefs. Appropriate language is always used when addressing both children and adults, using clear communication. Regardless of age, ethnic origin or religious belief; confidentiality is always maintained unless it someone is in immediate danger. 2. Discrimination can be challenged in different ways, but in order for it to stop, we must also encourage change. If someone feels that they are being discriminated against, then they should follow the correct complaints procedures – note their concerns with a supervisor, manager or SENCO. If I see children discriminating against one another, I can challenge the children and resolve the issue but report the incident to my manager. Staff training on the issue of discrimination is valuable as it means we a re all following the same procedures to curb the behaviour, and makes us reassess our own beliefs and attitudes we might hold.Policy review on the subject is also a fantastic way to challenge discrimination as it can lead to more effective techniques to solve the problem being developed. 3. 1There are a variety of sources where information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion can be gathered from. Advice and information can be gained from Sector Skills Councils such as Skills for Care and Children’s Workforce and Development Council, Professional organisations such as Nursing ans Midwifery Council and Teacher Development Agency; and Third party organisations.It can also be found on government websites which give up to date legislation and codes of practice. 3. 2Access to information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion should be gained when carrying out inter-agency works, or liaising with community leaders and organisations. It c an also be used in order to gain feedback on the work you are already carrying out. This can help you see if you are meeting all standards expected and can also help you progress to the next level because it aids professional development.

Business Law I Case Study Arthur Andersen Llp V. United States

Arthur Andersen LLP v. joined States The parties In Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, the complainant was the United States. The United States was to a fault the Appellee. Arthur Andersen is the suspect as well as the appellant. The biography Arthur Andersen was ready guilty at the venire trial. The U. S. mash of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit also affirmed him guilty. The U. S. Supreme Court turn Andersens curses due to flaw control panel instructions. The facts Arthur Anderson formed a crisis-response team before long after the Wall Street journal had suggested the gelds at Enron.The company kept back up the employees to follow Andersens document retention policy and Odom stated that If documents are ruined in the course of the normal policy and litigation is filed the next day, thats great Weve followed our avouch policy, and what ever so there was that baron sacrifice been of interest to somebody is gone and irretrievable. As Enron went under the heat of in evening gown to formal investigation with requests for documentation, the company kept further its employees to follow the policy. It wasnt until the SEC served Enron and Andersen with swear outs for records that they told their employees to dispel tittleding and the game was over. The plaintiffs hypothesis The jury and Court of Appeals found that the supra actions made the petitioner guilty of violating deed 18 of the United States Code that provides distressing sanctions for those who obstruct justice. They believed he intentionally had the fellowship of what was going on and intentionally destroyed the documents that proved the scandal to be true.The defendants theory Arthur Anderson believed that he was however following his companys policy by ensuring it was being followed. He did not violate a law beca utilisation once he was served the subpoena, the document shredding halted immediately. The legal issue Did Arthur Anderson violate Title 18 of the United States Code by knowingly persuading his employees to shred documents with intent to impair the availability of those documents for use in an official proceeding?The memory of the court No. Andersens conviction could not stand due to the flawed jury instructions. Therefore, the conviction was reversed by the U. S. Supreme Court. Personal opinion I do not believe this character was correctly decided. However, there was not lavish evidence to convict him. The Supreme Court ruled the right decision found on the books. It is obviously clear that the Arthur Andersen was a smart man. Once he got stoppage in his ear that there might be trouble, he quickly found a way to legally harbor himself and the company. I find it interesting how intractable they were with the document policy. However, regardless of the perception it gives off, Andersen technically did not violate any laws fit in to the court. If he was guilty, no one would ever know. Im sure if the subpoena would have been served sooner, there would have been a different outcome. But, this is only my opinion and it would not stand in the court system.