Avoid Problems Of Cross Cultural Communication Commerce Essay

Avoid Problems Of Cross Cultural Communication Commerce Essay Cross-cultural communication exists when people from differing cultures have reached a certain degree of understanding regarding their differences. For understanding to take place, both people must have some form of knowledge or awareness regarding the norms or customs that exist in each others culture. Verbal and nonverbal communications can contain implied meanings, as well as certain degrees of symbolism. For successful communication to take place, background knowledge concerning values, norms and perceptions is necessary in order for clear, effective communication to take place. The key to effective cross-cultural communication is knowledge. It is essential that people understand the potential problems of cross-cultural communication, and make a conscious effort to overcome these problems and important to assume that ones efforts will not always be successful, and adjust ones behavior appropriately For example, one should always assume that there is a significant possibility that cultural differences are causing communication problems, and be willing to be patient and forgiving, rather than hostile and aggressive, if problems develop. One should respond slowly and carefully in cross-cultural exchanges, not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and said. Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out-by repeating what one thinks he or she heard, one can confirm that one understands the communication accurately. If words are used differently between languages or cultural groups, however, even active listening can overlook misunderstandings. Often intermediaries who are familiar with both cultures can be helpful in cross-cultural communication situations. They can translate both the substance and the manner of what is said. For instance, they can tone down strong statements that would be considered appropriate in one culture but not in another, before they are given to people from a culture that does not talk together in such a strong way. They can also adjust the timing of what is said and done. Some cultures move quickly to the point; others talk about other things long enough to establish rapport or a relationship with the other person. If discussion on the primary topic begins too soon, the group that needs a warm up first will feel uncomfortable. A mediator or intermediary who understands this can explain the problem, and make appropriate procedural adjustments. Yet sometimes intermediaries can make communication even more difficult. If a mediator is the same culture or nationality as one of the disputants, but not the other, this gives the appearance of bias, even when none exists. Even when bias is not intended, it is common for mediators to be more supportive or more understanding of the person who is of his or her own culture, simply because they understand them better. Yet when the mediator is of a third cultural group, the potential for cross-cultural misunderstandings increases further. In this case engaging in extra discussions about the process and the manner of carrying out the discussions is appropriate, as is extra time for confirming and re-confirming understandings at every step in the dialogue or negotiating process. The impact different cultures have on peoples behavior, emotions and thought processes are the focus of cross-cultural psychology. The norms and values within a culture go a long way toward shaping a persons psychological make-up and how she interacts with her environment. The social structures, manners and values within a culture determine what types of experiences a person has had. These experiences work to shape perceptions, expectations, as well as a persons sense of identity within the context of society. Cross-cultural research examines how different cultures compare in terms of human behavior. The purpose of this research is to address the growing conflicts and global concerns that arise as a result of cultural differences. Statistical data is compiled to determine how prevalent particular norms or customs are within a culture. This helps with determining how influential particular customs are within the workings of a society. Steps to bridge communication differences are addressed by understanding how customs develop and how they affect the behaviors that take place within a society. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES For understanding cultural issues in organizational setting against international perspective, it is essential to understand employee behavior. Five basic conclusions can be drawn about cross-cultural impact on employee behavior: First, individual behavior in organizational setting varies across cultures. Thus, employees based in India, Japan, U.S. and Germany is likely to have different attitudes and patterns of behavior. The behavior patterns are likely to be widespread and pervasive within an organization. Second, culture itself is an important variable for this variation. There are also other factors like differing standards of living and varied geographical conditions which cause variations in behavior. However, culture is a significant factor. Third, although behavior within organizational setting remains quite diverse across cultures, organizations themselves appear to be increasingly similar. Hence, managerial practices at a general level may be alike, but the people who work with in organizations differ markedly. Fourth, the same manager behaves differently in different cultural settings. A manager may adopt one set of behaviors when working in one culture, but may change those behaviors when moved into a different culture. Lastly, cultural diversity can be an important source of energy in enhancing organizational effectiveness. More and more organizations are realizing the virtues of cultural diversity, but surprisingly, little do they know how to manage it. Business Problems in Cross Cultural Communication Business is headed in a decidedly international direction and this means that there will be some changes. Corporations are looking to make doing business as easy as they possibly can, but this new move out multi-national business has created a new set of challenges. The most unavoidable of these new business challenges is a barrier in cross-cultural communication. When people do business, they need to be speaking the same language. Even if two folks are not naturals of a certain language, there must exist a certain consistency in the verbiage in order to avoid some potentially catastrophic circumstances. In addition, more and more managers are seeing problems within their own workplace because of a lack of understanding of other cultures. This problem is not an international one. It simply involves two people of a different ethnic background who do not understand the other culture well enough to effectively communicate with each other. This occurs most commonly because businesses do not emphasize this portion of their training. Before a business can take effective action to pre-empt the problems in cross-cultural communication, they must know exactly what these problems are. In general, they seem pretty obvious. On the surface, they seem like things that the businesses should never miss. Time and time again, businesses miss these things though and it contributes to their downfall. A complete lack of communication is the most common and damaging of all of these problems. This most often occurs when managers and upper level management do not feel the need to communicate with their workers because they do not know how. When your people are left in the dark, they do not perform well. This problem in cross cultural communication has as much to do with a lack of information sharing than it does the inability to get that message across. Obviously, choice of words and diction is important when speaking to people of a different culture. Not only must you be able to use the correct jargon in order to allow them to clearly understand your message, but you must also be careful not to use terms which might be offensive to that person. Generally, workers do not mean to harm anyone when they choose hurtful words, but the damage can often times be irreparable. In this case, it is always better to be safe than to be sorry. Problems in cross cultural communication will continue to plague businesses until they make a conscious effort to change some things. In general, people do not communicate well with each other because they are uneducated about the little things that a different culture might do. With some effort, this can be changed and corporate profitability can improve. CROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Managers in todays multicultural global business community frequently encounter cultural differences, which can interfere with the successful completion of projects. This paper describes the most well-known and accepted theories of cultural differences and illustrates them with examples from international project management. Two leading studies of cross-cultural management have been conducted by Greet Hofstede [1] and Fons Trompenaars [2]. Both approaches propose a set of cultural dimensions along which dominant value systems can be ordered. These value systems affect human thinking, feeling, and acting, and the behavior of organizations and institutions in predictable ways. The two sets of dimensions reflect basic problems that any society has to cope with but for which solutions differ. They are similar in some respects and different in others. The dimensions can be grouped into several categories: 1)  Relations between people.  Two main cultural differences have been identified. Hofstede distinguishes between  individualism  and collectivism.  Trompenaars breaks down this distinction into two dimensions:  Ã‚  universalism versus  particularize  and  individualism  versus communitarians. 2)  Motivational orientation.  Societies choose ways to cope with the inherent uncertainty of living. In this category Hofstede identifies three dimensions:  masculinity  versus  femininity,  amount of uncertainty avoidance,  and  power distance. 3)  Attitudes toward time.  Hofstede distinguishes between  a long-term  versus  a short-term orientation.  Trompenaars identifies two dimensions:  sequential versus synchronic  and  inner versus outer time. How to Overcome Cross Cultural Communication Step 1 Run meetings to expose your employees to other cultures. Introducing employees who will be working together in a non-threatening environment enables a good working relationship long term. Learning about another cultures language, rules and norms for acceptable behavior helps prepare your employees to deal with situations as they arise. Changing preconceptions can lead to more conducive working relationships. Step 2 Conduct activities to demonstrate how dependent we are on language. For example, dedicate a day to being silent. Have each employee develop a contract stating what they hope to learn, how long they will remain silent (what exceptions can be made) and how they plan to cope without speaking all day. After experiencing a day with limited communication, participants can typically relate to being in a foreign environment more easily. Step 3 Provide workshops, tips and techniques for communicating effectively in cross-cultural work environments. People act according to the values of their own culture. Others from another culture might interpret behavior differently. Practicing such strategies as active listening (paraphrasing what is said to ensure understanding can be achieved) and using multiple forms of communication, such as written, audio and visual, can enhance employee involvement in assuring that conflicts do not arise because of cultural misunderstandings due to lack of awareness. Step 4 Coach employees to mediate conflicts related to cultural misunderstandings. Provide opportunities for employees to respond to situations from viewpoints different than their own. Divide a group of people into pairs to conduct role-playing exercises that allow participants to acknowledge culture difference exist. Encourage each pair to think about a conflict they have experienced recently due to cultural differences. Have each participant describe what they might find offensive or unusual. Let each participant suggest how the problem would be handled in their own culture. Together, have the participants develop a resolution to the problem. Have each pair report to the larger group on their experiences. Take it slow A common objection that non-native speakers raise is the speed with which native speakers tend to communicate. Whether youre speaking to someone who is just beginning to learn the language or a long-time English speaker who hails from a different culture, its helpful to modulate the pace of your speech. However, keep in mind that if you slow down too much, the effect may be insulting. Active listening An effective strategy for improving cross-cultural communication is what experts call active listening. This technique involves restating the other speakers statements to ensure you understand their meaning and asking frequent questions. This is a great way to ensure that important information doesnt slip through the cracks in a cross-cultural conversation. Group information in small size If you stop to think about it, even a single sentence in a conversation between two fluent speakers can contain a great deal of information. Thats why cross-cultural communication experts recommend limiting the amount of information you try to convey at one time. Stick to simple, direct instructions and explanations, and try to avoid complex, multi-part sentences. Cultural assumptions If youve ever traveled to a foreign country, you probably realize just how much of our verbal and non-verbal communication relies on a shared set of cultural beliefs and attitudes. When youre speaking to someone from another culture, try to avoid things like jokes, slang, or references that might be confusing or misleading to a non-native speaker. In doubt, adopt for friendly formality North American English speakers often adopt a casual, informal approach to conversations, even when they are addressing a stranger or a new acquaintance. This approach may be off-putting or unsettling to someone from a different cultural background. To ensure that youre conveying an appropriate level of respect, use a more formal mode of speaking and gradually scale back the level of formality as the relationship develops. Motivation and training of multi-cultural project teams Traditional projects, as national projects, may be affected by personality conflicts. Cultural differences among project team members may create additional misunderstanding throughout the project life cycle. The impact of cultural factors such as language barriers, time differences, and socio-economic, political, and religious diversity may result in a normative pattern prescribing a range of permissible actions so as to encourage self-interest. Motivating project team members may encounter significant barriers in multi-cultural project communications. The context of international projects includes cultural diversity, where participants are continuously learning. This fact influences training and educational approaches and has an impact on attitudes toward the use of technology, the amount of practice, reinforcement, and level of interaction with the instructor to which learners from other educational systems are accustomed. NEEDS of Cross-Cultural Communication Within the business context, cross cultural communication refers to interpersonal communication and interaction across different cultures. This has become an important issue in our age of globalization and internationalization. Effective cross cultural communication is concerned with overcoming cultural differences across nationality, religion, borders, culture and behavior. Cross cultural communication is critical to the business world. The diversity of people in cities and countries means an element of cross cultural communication will always be needed whether it is between staff, colleagues, customers or clients. Awareness of cultural differences can favorably impact the success of a business. Improved staff interaction, better customer relations and effective client management are all areas that will reap benefits through cross cultural understanding. Although cross cultural communication competency can only be truly achieved through cross cultural awareness training, language acquisition, foreign travel and cultural immersion there are some guidelines that can enhance your cross cultural communication skills. Speaking Skills Listening and speaking must work in tandem for effective cross cultural communication. Speaking well is not about accent, use of grammar and vocabulary or having the gift of the gab. Rather, cross cultural communication is enhanced through positive speech such as encouragement, affirmation, recognition and phrasing requests clearly or expressing opinions sensitively. Observation Large amounts of cross cultural information can be read in peoples dress, body language, interaction and behavior. Be aware of differences with your own culture and try to understand the roots of behaviors. Asking questions expands your cross cultural knowledge. Patience Man has been created differently and we need to recognize and understand that sometimes cross cultural differences are annoying and frustrating. In these situations patience is definitely a virtue. Through patience respect is won and cross cultural understanding is enhanced. Flexibility Flexibility, adaptability and open-mindedness are the route to successful cross cultural communication. Understanding, embracing and addressing cross cultural differences leads to the breaking of cultural barriers which results in better lines of communication, mutual trust and creative thinking. Following these five cross cultural communication needs will allow for improved lines of communication, better cross cultural awareness and more successful cross cultural relationships.

Anthony Kiedis and the Red Hot Chili Peppers

The energetic singer of the alternative rock group, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, Anthony Kiedis was born on Nov. 1, 1962, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Kiedis' godfather was Sonny Bono, of Sonny & Cher fame. His parents split when Anthony was three. After getting into trouble at school, he moved to California to be with his dad. His father made most of his money selling drugs, CONTENTS †¢Synopsis †¢Aspiring Musician †¢The Red Hot Chili Peppers †¢Mainstream Success †¢Personal Life but also dabbled in acting. It was during these years that young Kiedis was exposed and influenced by the world of art, sex, music, and drugs.Singer, actor, writer. Born on November 1, 1962, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. As the lead singer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Anthony Kiedis has become one of best-known figures in alternative rock. His parents split up when he was very young. He lived with his mother, Peggy, in Michigan and visited his father, John, in California. While with his fat her, Kiedis was exposed to the Los Angeles club scene where he got a chance to see such rock acts as the Eagles, Neil Young, Deep Purple, and Rod Stewart. Developing an aversion to authority at an early age, Kiedis acted out in school.He eventually convinced his mother to agree to let him live with his father in California. In his early teens, Kiedis moved in with his father and soon began experimenting with drugs. He started smoking marijuana and later tried heroin, cocaine, and Quaaludes. His father earned much of his money from dealing marijuana and other illegal substances, according to Scar Tissue, Kiedis’s official autobiography. By the mid-1970s, John Kiedis decided to try to make as an actor, taking classes and the stage name Blackie Dammet. Anthony also started acting, using his own stage name Cole Dammet.He landed a few commercials and small parts. Aspiring Musician At Fairfax High School, Kiedis met and made friends with Michael Balzary—better known later as Flea—and Hillel Slovak. Slovak had a band known as Anthym and Balzary eventually joined it as the bass player. Kiedis acted as the MC for some of their gigs. They were also interested in the emerging punk scene and caught shows by such acts as Black Flag. Kiedis moved out of his father’s place to live with a friend during the latter part of high school. Despite living in the midst of a party scene, he was able to keep up his grades.Kiedis did well enough to get accepted to UCLA. College, however, did not hold his interest for long. In 1982, Kiedis found inspiration for his vocal styling from the hit song, â€Å"The Message,† from Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. He started a band with friends Slovak and Flea—although they were already in different bands—with Jack Irons on drums the following year. The group that would become known as the Red Hot Chili Peppers became a popular fixture on the L. A. club scene. The group quickly went through a line-up change when Slovak and Irons left when their other band What Is This landed a record deal.Kiedis and Flea pressed on with their innovative funk-punk sound, bringing in guitarist Jack Sherman and drummer Cliff Martinez. The group eventually became known as the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The Red Hot Chili Peppers Their 1984 self-titled debut didn’t sell, but the group started to attract a following with their energetic live shows. Often over-the-top rebels, the Red Hot Chili Peppers even performed a few times while only wearing strategically placed tube socks. For their second effort, Freaky Styley, the group enlisted the help of funk superstarGeorge Clinton to serve as their producer.The album also marked the return of Slovak and Irons to the band. Kiedis’s off-stage activities were starting to take over his life. He was using heroin and cocaine heavily, so much so that his bandmates kicked him out of the group for a while. Returning to Michigan for a time, Kiedis went through detox. He returned to Los Angeles and the band, but did not stay clean for long. The Red Hot Chili Peppers released their third album, The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, in 1987. The album even made it onto theBillboard 200 album charts. The following year, Kiedis experienced a great personal loss.Longtime friend and bandmate Slovak died of a heroin overdose on June 25, 1988. After this tragedy, Irons decided to leave the band and Kiedis eventually went to a rehabilitation center. Trying to regroup, Kiedis and Flea added guitarist Blackbyrd McKnight and drummer D. H. Peligro to the group, but this line up didn’t work out. They then brought in guitarist John Frusciante and drummer Chad Smith and recorded Mother’s Milk. They began attracting more fans and more media attention. MTV aired videos for two tracks—â€Å"Knock Me Down† and their cover of Steve Wonder’s hit â€Å"Higher Ground. In 1989, Kiedis found himself in legal trouble for a post -concert incident. He was accused of sexual battery and indecent exposure after a concert in Virginia at George MasonUniversity that April, according to a report in The New York Times. He later paid a fine. CONTENTS †¢Synopsis †¢Aspiring Musician †¢The Red Hot Chili Peppers †¢Mainstream Success †¢Personal Life Mainstream Success Working with producer Rick Rubin, the Red Hot Chili Peppers experienced a major career breakthrough with their next album BloodSugarSexMagik in 1991.The album sold more than 4 million copies, spurred on in part by such hits as â€Å"Under the Bridge,† â€Å"Give It Away,† and â€Å"Suck My Kiss. † Frusciante ended up leaving the group before it joined the alternative music tour Lollapalooza in 1992. After a few false starts, the Red Hot Chili Peppers eventually replaced Frusciante with guitarist Dave Navarro, once with Jane’s Addiction. This latest line up recorded 1995’s One Hot Minute, which went platinum. â€Å"Aeroplane† and â€Å"My Friends† were two of the biggest hits from the album.In July 1997, Kiedis was involved in a motorcycle accident in Los Angeles. He broke his wrist and forearm when he was hit by a car while riding his motorcycle. The following year, Kiedis sued the driver for damages. By the time the Red Hot Chili Peppers released their 1999 hit recordCalifornication, Frusciante was back in the band, replacing Navarro who left to pursue solo projects. â€Å"Around the World,† â€Å"Scar Tissue,† and the title track all did well on the rock charts. 2002’s By the Way was also a strong seller, making it to the number two spot on the Billboard 200. Personal LifeKiedis borrowed the title from their hit â€Å"Scar Tissue† for his candid 2004 autobiography, in which he described his extensive drug use and relationships with such women as actress Ione Skye and director Sofia Coppola. He also disclosed that he had battled hepat itis C. â€Å"As a person and a musician, I feel like I’m just getting started. . . . I kind of look at this as the halftime report,† Kiedis said to Peoplemagazine during an interview about his book. For the first time in 2006, the Red Hot Chili Peppers reached the top of the Billboard 200 album charts with Stadium Arcadium.Kiedis soon experienced another first—he became a father. He and then girlfriend Heather Christie welcomed son Everly Bear in October 2007. The couple split up in 2008. That same year, Kiedis told Rolling Stone that the Red Hot Chili Peppers was â€Å"disbanded for the moment. † The band had tour extensively to support their latest album, and everyone wanted to take a break for a time. In addition to relaxing, Kiedis recently served as festival curator for the New American Music Festival, which was held in August 2008.

Different Type Of Treatment For Breast Tumors Health Essay

Cancer is one of the most common malignances in adult females. This paper has given me the chance to research the different types of chest malignant neoplastic diseases and different modes of interventions. In this research paper will give an overview of the physiology and hazards factors and different ways to naming the disease. Once diagnosed with this lay waste toing disease the different types of intervention from chemo to surgical intercessions. I would non desire to bury to include the psychological impact on the adult females and household members after being diagnosed with this malignance. This undertaking will give me the chance to larn more about the disease procedure and other facets of interventions other than surgical. As an Operating Room nurse I have had exposure to the surgical interventions of the disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common malignance in adult females and histories for18 per centum of all female malignant neoplastic diseases. The per centum of adult females who develop chest malignant neoplastic diseases are normally post- menopausal, but more than 8,000 are under the age of 50 old ages of age. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Screening methods like chest malignant neoplastic disease consciousness, clinical chest scrutinies, mammography, Ultrasound, MRI has increased early detainment in chest malignant neoplastic disease. Consequently, we have more statistics report organize these showing trials. Screening, diagnosing, and intervention are indispensable to survival, and the importance of early detainment should non be overemphasized. Patients should be good informed what their options are for intervention. Some adult females avoided the diagnosing, believing that the intervention was worse than the disease. This topic usage to be a tabu. The end of showing is to place chest malignant neoplastic disease at the earliest phase, which allows the highest possible remedy. Therefore, many adult females spouse up with their physicians and other health care suppliers to seek the right reply for their diagnosing. The five twelvemonth endurance rate for chest malignant neoplastic disease identified in the earliest phases is now 98 per centum. The mortality rate has dropped by 30 per centum since 1992, which is advancement! We still need to perpetrate to bar by making all we can make to halt malignant neoplastic disease before it starts. These statistics should remind us to eat healthier, more veggies and less nutrient with no nutritionary value, and non gorge in alcoholic drinks. Healthy life styles change such a low-fat diet and exercising can hold signi ficant impact on chest malignant neoplastic disease endurance. These good wonts will cut down your hazard. Plan a scheme for good wellness and act upon your organic structure ‘s destiny. We must besides back up research into environmental and other possible causes for malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease starts as a precancerous mass that progresses to presymptomatic tumour ( the tumour so little that can non be detected by mammography or physical scrutiny ) , so to tumours that are detected by mammography and eventually tumours that are big plenty to be detected by physical scrutiny. Buyske, Jo, et Al. â€Å" Breast malignant neoplastic disease in the 1890ss. â€Å" A AORN JournalA July 1996: 64+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. With mammography the tumours can be detected as early before going tangible, every bit little as 1mm in size leting for a greater likeliness of early sensing that can take to bring around. Mammograms are recommended by the A merican Cancer Society on adult females every one to two old ages from age 40 and 50 old ages of age, adult females younger than 18 should execute monthly chest introspection and have one-year scrutinies by their doctors. Womans with higher than mean hazard factors, may necessitate more intensive surveillance. Hazard Factors: Every adult female is indiscriminately at hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease sometime in her life. There are several factors that increase the hazard of the disease development. The biggest hazard factor of all is age, with the bulk of chest malignant neoplastic diseases being diagnosed in the post-menopausal age group. Oestrogen has being evidenced as a critical endocrine in the increased hazard factor for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Early menses before the age of 11, are at increased hazard and those have late climacteric ( after the age of 50 ) are twice likely to develop chest malignant neoplastic disease. The likeliness of chest malignant neoplastic disease increases with the age of the adult females ‘s first gestation. After the age of 30 the hazard additions. Womans who have their first gestation at a higher age are more predisposed to breast malignant neoplastic disease. In fact, adult females who have non given birth run a h igher opportunity of happening. A alteration in endocrines during gestation besides has an consequence on the development of chest malignant neoplastic disease. It is more preventable in multiparity and gestations at an early age. Oral preventives and endocrines replacing tablets are besides important. There is a little hazard associated with taking the unwritten preventive pill before the age of 20 are at higher hazard than adult females who begin at an older age, There is a little hazard associated with the usage of endocrine replacing tablets and for the first one to four old ages after usage has ceased. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Family history provides the strongest hint to the possibility of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease. A female parent, sister or girl with chest malignant neoplastic disease is a strong va riable in the development of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Hereditary chest malignant neoplastic disease attributed to a mutant in a peculiar cistron ( i.e. , BRCA1or BRCA2 ) can be passed on the following coevals, transmitted in an autosomal dominant form. The cistron mutant may arise from the paternal or maternal side and each progeny of a BRCA bearer has a 50 per centum opportunity of inheriting the mutant. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Factors that indicate likeliness of a BRCA cistron mutant are: Multiple instances of early- oncoming chest malignant neoplastic disease ( age, & lt ; 50 twelvemonth old ) , a combination of chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease in the same adult females bilateral chest malignant neoplastic disease, one household member & lt ; 50 twelvem onth old with chest malignant neoplastic disease or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease and Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, male chest malignant neoplastic disease, a comparative with documented BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutant and multiple instances of chest malignant neoplastic disease across several coevalss in a household. The increased usage of familial testing has being helpful in observing this mutant that increased the potency of chest malignant neoplastic disease in adult females. This familial mutant of BRCA1 and BRCA2 has accounted for 60 per centum of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. Womans with this germline mutant in BRCA1 and BRCA2 or a familial sensitivity for chest malignant neoplastic disease have markedly increased hazard of early-onset chest malignant neoplastic disease and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females w ith BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. With this two cistrons inhered through a first grade household, it is recommended they seek familial guidance. Familial guidance is considered the mainstream of a multidisciplinary attack to the intervention of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease. Decrease Schemes: Once it has being identified the adult females to be a bearer of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 there are different options offered for intervention. Chemoprevention- tamoxifen a raloxifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators approved for chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard decrease, are by and large prescribed for 5 old ages, and their function beyond this clip frame is unknown. . Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web.22. Other options may be bilateral contraceptive mastectomy ( known as hazard decrease mastectomy ) . Your sawbones will explicate the different types of mastectomies, simple mastectomy, where the whole chest is removed and some alar lymph nodes may besides be removed and hypodermic mastectomy, where less breast tissue is surgically excised. These processs significantly cut down the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease in adult females with first degree household history of the disease. Several surveies have shown a 90 per centum to 95 per centum decrease in chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard among BRCA bearers, intending that adult females with BRCA mutants can accomplish a degree of chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard that is the same or lower than that of the general population. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. A Womans can hold rehabilitative surgery station these processs with expanders, a pocket is created under the thorax ‘s pectoral muscle major musculus and the expanders is filled with sal ine, and subsequently on hold breast implants. Tram Pedicle Flap is another option which is a flap of tegument, fat and implicit in musculus is cut from the venters and anastomosed as a chest. Another option is a Deep Free Flap, a flap of tegument and fat that is removed from the venters, along with blood vass that have been dissected from the implicit in musculus and with this a chest is made. Once the chest mass has being found on mammography, which is the most of import diagnostic tool, the sawbones will desire to make obtain a sample of life tissue. Biopsy may be done if the physician is concerned about chest malignant neoplastic disease because of unnatural findings on the mammogram or chest ultrasound, or during physical scrutiny. A chest biopsy is the remotion of chest tissue to analyze it for marks of chest malignant neoplastic disease or other upsets. Several different types of biopsies can be done. Open biopsy which involves a little scratch in the chest and take portion ( incisional ) or all ( excisional biopsy ) of the country. If the full ball or country is removed, it is a lumpectomy. If the sawbones can non easy experience the ball or cyst, a biopsy under needle localisation will be done under ultrasound to turn up the ball ; this acerate leaf will be left in topographic point to assist the sawbones during the incisional biopsy. The sawbones will take the nuc leus of tissue environing the wire, and send the specimen to pathology and radiology. The biopsy can uncover certain of chest abnormalcies that are non malignant neoplastic disease or precancerous, adenocarcinomas, fibrocystic chest disease, intraductal villoma, mammary fat mortification. Other biopsies may demo precancerous chest conditions, untypical ductal hyperplasia and a typical lobular hyperplasia. Then there are the two chief type of chest malignant neoplastic disease found, ductal carcinoma, most chest malignant neoplastic diseases are of this type and lobular carcinoma. Biopsy consequences are deciding if there will be a demand for chest surgery in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. In order to cognize if the lymph nodes holding being invaded with malignant neoplastic disease it is recommended to hold a lookout node biopsy. This cognition will avoid alar node dissection if the lymph node is non affected. Internal mammary nodes can besides be assessed during the p rocess to finish the theatrical production procedure. Staging of chest malignant neoplastic disease: Staging the chest malignant neoplastic disease is critical constituent in the development of the individualised intervention program. Stage 0- ( noninvasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ ) this is really early phase chest malignant neoplastic disease is considered precancerous. Stage 1- this is an early phase of chest malignant neoplastic disease, the size of the leery lesion measures up to two centimetres in dimension, and no lymph nodes are involved. In this phase adult females may hold a chest -sparing surgery like a lumpectomy with radiation intervention or they may hold a mastectomy ( remotion of full chest ) they can be have Reconstruction surgery following the process. Breast preservation surgery is the most popular intervention because most carcinomas have a restricted size and big tumour can be reduced in size with anterior chemotherapy before surgery. Radiation therapy along with chemo therapy and /or endocrine therapy may besid es be given after the surgery to destruct any staying malignant neoplastic disease cells. Stage 2- the tumour steps between two to five centimetres or the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm on the same side as the chest malignant neoplastic disease. This phase is divided into two classs stage 2 A and phase 2 B. Phase 2 A-Three ways it can attest itself. There is no tumour found in the chest but the alar lymph nodes are positive for malignant neoplastic disease cells. Cancer in the chest spans two centimetres and alar lymph nodes are involved. Tumor is larger than two centimetres and smaller than five centimetres, and does non impact the alar lymph nodes. Stage 2 B- may include one of the followers: The dimension of the tumour is between two and five centimetres and has metastasis to the alar lymph nodes. The chest malignant neoplastic disease is larger than five centimetres, but no lymph are non affected. Treatment may be breast economical surge ry ( lumpectomy ) followed with radiation therapy or a mastectomy with or without breast Reconstruction. Another method used is the tegument and nipple-sparing mastectomy that preserves the nipple-areolar. Several options can be offered to the patient, from the simple arrangement of chest expanders to the usage of musculocutaneous flaps ( thoracodorsal or abdominal flap [ TRAM ] ) . Sometimes chemotherapy is given before the surgery to shrivel the tumour or after surgery to destruct any staying malignant neoplastic disease cells. Womans may besides hold a combination of other interventions, such as endocrine therapy. Phase 3 -the size of the tumour is more than two inches in diameter across and has spread to the alar lymph nodes, or has metastasis to other lymph nodes or tissue near the chest. Phase 3 malignant neoplastic disease is divided into other subcategories, phase 3A, phase 3B and phase 3C, Stage 3 A- The tumour measures more than five centimetres. The lymph nodes are affect ed. Stage 3B-The malignant neoplastic disease has invaded to tissues environing the chest, such as tegument or chest wall, the tumour may run in size. Axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes beneath the chest under the ribs may be affected. Stage 3C-There is a possibility of the metastasis or distributing to the chest tegument or chest wall. In this phase the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to lymph nodes around the clavicle and may be in lymph nodes around chest bone. Chemotherapy and/or targeted therapies are given foremost in order to shrivel the tumour prior to surgical intercession. After surgery adult females may hold chemotherapy, radiation, endocrine therapy or a combination of intervention to assist forestall reoccurrence. Stage 4- ( Metastatic ) -The malignant neoplastic disease has spread beyond the chest alar and internal mammary lymph nodes to other parts of the organic structure near or distant to the chest. Womans with metastatic malignant neoplastic disease will have targeted intervention depending on where the malignant neoplastic disease has spread. Bone is the most common site.treatments may include orthopaedic oncology, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or combination of interventions. By larning the different phases of chest malignant neoplastic disease it can give the patient an educated determination of her pick of intervention. This information along your general wellness will let you along with your wellness attention squad to individualise your intervention for chest malignant neoplastic disease. We besides have to see there chest tumours that will non react to hormone therapy. Normal chest tissue has hormone receptors that respond specifically to the stimulatory effects of oestrogen and Lipo-Lutin. The bulk of chest malignant neoplastic diseases retain oestrogen receptors and in these malignant neoplastic diseases oestrogen will retain proliferative control over the malignant neoplastic disease cells. It is utile to cognize the oestrogen receptor position of the malignant neoplastic disease to foretell which patients will react to hormone therapy. Cancer that lack endocrine receptors will non react to hormone therapy. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. This information is utile in finding forecast and intervention methods. In decision, in research for this paper I have learned of the different types of chest malignant neoplastic diseases and the options of intervention. Working as an operating room nurse I was ever involved with the surgical intervention of the diagnosing but was non cognizant of the involved and diagnostic testing to make this intervention. It is apparent that the attention for patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease is a multidisciplinary attack. To be able to make up one's mind on the individualize intervention when they are experiencing less able to make so. Bing diagnosed with chest malignant neoplastic disease is really scaring for any adult females in add-on ; doing determinations on the different types of intervention can be overpowering. Healthcare suppliers need to promote adult females to lift above the negativeness of the disease and take control of their organic structure by doing an individualize determination. Nurses must take advantage of every chance to autho rise these adult females to do their intervention picks. Console and soothe them resuscitating assurance in them. Communicating efficaciously and supplying supportive attention are really of import to their long term accommodation to their diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Sometimes a patient ‘s liberty is more desirable than the demand for accurate information. Today we have better cognition about the showing, diagnosing and intervention of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Technology, testing and early detainment must go on to come on so malignant neoplastic disease is no longer the most common malignant neoplastic disease in adult females. We need to maintain focal point on bar making all we can to halt malignant neoplastic disease before it starts. Committedness to the bar of chest malignant neoplastic disease is indispensable. In order for things to go on we have to perpetrate to them, nil happens automatically. It is astonishing the Numberss of utilizat ions for the human voice. We talk and cry, speak and sing mutters and complain, congratulations and proclaim. But the best usage of our voice is to show empathy and cognition and offer words of encouragement for these patients and their household members thru this annihilating disease. Mentions Buyske, Jo, et Al. â€Å" Breast malignant neoplastic disease in the 1890ss. â€Å" A AORN JournalA July 1996: 64+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22..A

Why and How Does Spanish Use the Ã

The Spanish letter à ± is original with Spanish and has become one of its most distinctive written features. Only its inverted punctuation is more likely to be a marker that a piece of text is written in Spanish. Where Did the Ñ Come From? As you could probably guess, the à ± came originally from the letter n. The à ± did not exist in the Latin alphabet and was the result of innovations about nine centuries ago. Beginning in about the 12th century, Spanish scribes (whose job it was to copy documents by hand) used the tilde placed over letters to indicate that a letter was doubled (so that, for example, nn became à ± and aa became à £). How Is the Ñ Used Today? The popularity of the tilde for other letters eventually waned, and by the 14th century, the à ± was the only place it was used. Its origins can be seen in a word such as aà ±o (which means year), as it comes from the Latin word annus with a double n. As the phonetic nature of Spanish became solidified, the à ± came to be used for its sound, not just for words with an nn. A number of Spanish words, such as seà ±al and campaà ±a, that are English cognates use the à ± where English uses gn, such as in signal and campaign, respectively. The Spanish à ± has been copied by two other languages that are spoken by minorities in Spain. It is used in Euskara, the Basque language that is unrelated to Spanish, to represent approximately the same sound as it has in Spanish. It is also used in Galician, a language similar to Portuguese. (Portuguese uses nh to represent the same sound.) Additionally, three centuries of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines led to the adoption of many Spanish words in the national language, Tagalog (also known as Pilipino or Filipino). The à ± is among the letters that have been added to the traditional 20 letters of the language. And while the à ± isnt part of the English alphabet, it frequently is used by careful writers when using adopted words such as jalapeà ±o, pià ±a colada, or pià ±ata and in the spelling of personal and place names. The à ± is also used with several other more obscure languages are transliterated into the Roman alphabet. In Portuguese, the tilde is placed over vowels to indicate that the sound is nasalized. That use of the tilde has no apparent direct connection with the use of the tilde in Spanish. Pronouncing the Ñ Beginning Spanish students are often told that the à ± is pronounced the same as the ny in canyon, which comes from the Spanish caà ±on. Nobody will misunderstand you if you pronounce the à ± that way, but in fact that sound is only an approximation. If canià ³n were a word, it would be pronounced slightly differently than is caà ±on. When the à ± is pronounced precisely, makes firmer contact with the alveolar ridge, that ridge just behind the top of the front teeth, than it does with ny. Part of the tongue even briefly touches the front of the palate. The result is that à ± takes slightly longer to pronounce then ny is is more like a single sound than two sounds that blend together. The Rest of the Story After the original version of this article was published, this site received additional information from Robert L. Davis, associate professor of Spanish from the University of Oregon: Thanks for including the interesting page on the history of the à ±. In a few places you express uncertainty about some of the details of this history; below I offer the information you need to complete the story. The reason the tilde appears over an N (as in Latin ANNU Sp. aà ±o) and Portuguese vowels (Latin MANU Po. mà £o) is that scribes wrote a small letter N over the preceding letter in both cases, to save space in manuscripts (parchment was expensive). As the two languages developed phonetically away from Latin, the double N sound of Latin morphed into the current palatal nasal sound of the Ñ, and Portuguese N between vowels got deleted, leaving its nasal quality on the vowel. So readers and writers began to use the old spelling trick to indicate the new sounds that did not exist in Latin. (Its really nice the way you framed the Ñ as the only Spanish letter of Spanish origin!) Also of potential interest to your readers: The word tilde actually refers to both the squiggle over the Ñ as well as the accent mark used to mark phonetic stress (e.g., cafà ©). There is even the verb tildarse, which means, to be written with an accent mark, to stress, as in La palabra cafà © se tilda en la e.The unique character of the letter Ñ has led to its becoming a marker of Hispanic identity in recent years. There is now a generacià ³n Ñ, the children of Spanish-speaking parents in the U.S. (parallel to Generation X, etc.), a stylized Ñ is the logo of the Cervantes Institute (http://www.cervantes.es), and so forth.The squiggle under the à § in Portuguese and French has a similar origin as the à ±. It is called a cedille, meaning little Z. It comes from the diminutive of the Old Spanish name for the letter Z, ceda. It was used to represent the ts sound in Old Spanish, which no longer exists in the language. E.g., O.Sp. caà §a (katsa) Mod. Sp. caza (casa or catha).Restaurants in the U.S. now offer dishes made with a very spicy pepper, the habanero, which is frequently mispronounced and misspelled as habaà ±ero. Since the name comes from La Habana, the capital of Cuba, this pepper should not have Ñ. I think the name has been contaminated by jalapeà ±o, which of course is simply a pepper from Jalapa, Mexico. Key Takeaways The à ± came about in the 12th century as a variation of copying a double-n from Latin words.The à ± is a separate letter of the Spanish alphabet, not merely an n with a mark over it.In precise pronunciation of Spanish, the à ± is similar to but different than the ny of canyon.