The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Schachter and Singers Theory of Emotion By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology What exactly makes up an emotion? According to one major theory of emotion, there are two key components: physical arousal and a cognitive label. In other words, the experience of emotion involves first having some kind of physiological response which the mind then identifies. Cognitive theories of emotion began to emerge during the 1960s, as part of what is often referred to as the cognitive revolution in psychology. One of the earliest cognitive theories of emotion was one proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer,  known as the two-factor theory of emotion. Verywell / Cindy Chung   What Is the Two-Factor Theory? Like the James-Lange theory of emotion, and in contrast to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, Schachter and Singer felt that physical arousal played a primary in emotions. However, they suggested that this arousal was the same for a wide variety of emotions, so physical arousal alone could not be responsible for emotional responses. The two-factor theory of emotion focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion. So, imagine you are alone in a dark parking lot walking toward your car. A strange man suddenly emerges from a nearby row of trees and rapidly approaches. The sequence that follows, according to the two-factor theory, would be much like this: I see a strange man walking toward me.My heart is racing and I am trembling.My rapid heart rate and trembling are caused by fear.I am frightened! The process begins with the stimulus (the strange man), which is followed by the physical arousal (rapid heartbeat and trembling). Added to this is the cognitive label (associating the physical reactions to fear), which is immediately followed by the conscious experience of the emotion (fear). The immediate environment plays an important role in how physical responses are identified and labeled. In the example above, the dark, lonely setting and the sudden presence of an ominous stranger contributes to the identification of the emotion as fear. What would happen if you were walking toward your car on a bright sunny day and an elderly woman began to approach you? Rather than feeling fear, you might interpret your physical response as something like curiosity or concern if the woman seemed to be in need of assistance.   Schachter and Singer’s Experiment In a 1962 experiment, Schachter and Singer put their theory to the test. A group of 184 male participants was injected with epinephrine, a hormone that produces arousal including increased heartbeat, trembling, and rapid breathing. All of the participants were told that they were being injected with a new drug to test their eyesight. However, one group of participants was informed of the possible side-effects that the injection might cause while the other group of participants was not. Participants were then placed in a room with another participant who was actually a confederate in the experiment. The confederate either acted in one of two ways: euphoric or angry. Participants who had not been informed about the effects of the injection were more likely to feel either happier or angrier than those who had been informed. Those who were in a room with the euphoric confederate were more likely to interpret the side effects of the drug as happiness, while those exposed to the angry confederate were more likely to interpret their feelings as anger. Schacter and Singer had hypothesized that if people experienced an emotion for which they had no explanation, they would then label these feelings using their feelings at the moment. The results of the experiment suggested that participants who had no explanation for their feelings were more likely to be susceptible to the emotional influences of the confederate. Criticism of Two-Factor Theory While Schachter and Singers research spawned a great deal of further research, their theory has also been subject to criticism. Other researchers have only partially supported the findings of the original study  and have at times shown contradictory results.   In replications by Marshall and Zimbardo, the researchers found that participants were no more likely to act euphoric when exposed to a euphoric confederate than when they were exposed to a neutral confederate. In another study by Maslach, hypnotic suggestion was used to induce arousal rather than injecting epinephrine. The results suggested that unexplained physical arousal was more likely to generate negative emotions no matter which type of confederate condition they were exposed to. Other criticisms of the two-factor theory: Sometimes emotions are experienced before we think about them.Other researchers have supported James-Langes initial suggestion that there are actual physiological differences between emotions.

Stand Out Among a Pool of Applicants Who May Look Just Like You

The application process is a tricky balancing act: You want to show your target schools that you’re a perfect match, but you don’t want to blend into the multitude of applicants or become just a number. How can you show your authentic self in the application process? How can you present your strengths, and stand out? This series shows you how. Once you’ve shown that you have what your target school is looking for – that you fit in – your challenge is to stand out among a pool of applicants who may, on a superficial level, look just like you. When there are a lot of applicants who have pursued similar academic paths to prepare for grad school, taken the same exams, and may have parallel professional trajectories (at least at first glance), how can you make sure you don’t blend into the crowd? The key is to show the committee what makes you unique, what makes you YOU. Revealing Your Individuality – Identity, Deeds, Ideas There are several ways to constructively reveal your individuality, and most importantly your ability to contribute to class discussions and your community, both on campus or after your graduate. In broad strokes, here is an overview: 1. Identity – Who are you? Your background is a part of your identity and can help you differentiate yourself from your competition. Are you the first in your family to attend college? Did you grow up in a rural area or a country or state that doesn’t send many students to the programs you are applying to? Are you a member of an underrepresented minority? All those elements of your identity could contribute to your target program’s diversity and the richness of the learning environment that it provides. Much like showing fit, you need to demonstrate your ability to contribute to the diversity of your class throughout your application, but a diversity statement or personal history, if requested, is prime territory for this endeavor. How has your background contributed to your interest in the field or perhaps to a distinctive interest not related to your professional or educational goals. Let them know how your identity animates your interests, drives your ability to contribute distinctively, and makes you tick. If this sounds like you need to do serious thinking before you start writing, you’re right. Self-reflection is a great foundation for a good application. Journaling and taking notes before you sit down to write that essay or diversity statement may also be helpful. Thinking and â€Å"pre-writing† can help you show that you fit in and stand out. 2. Deeds – What have you accomplished? As we’ve already discussed with reference to goals, one key strategy when you’re developing your application essay(s) is to make connections between what you have done in the past and what you plan to do in the future – the admissions committee needs to see that their program makes sense for you. The same logic applies to this Standing Out principle: by drawing on your past contributions, you can show how you have had an impact in the past, and make a link to how you will have an impact during grad school. What are some areas where your unique experiences and contributions can make you stand out? Here are a few: †¢ Excelling in your academics or profession †¢ Success/leadership in your community service or volunteer work †¢ Unusual hobby or interest †¢ Unusual travel †¢ Overcoming a disability This is another point where self-reflection and journaling/note-taking can help you. How have your unique experiences shaped your perspective? How have the contributions you’ve made in the past prepared you for the goals that lie ahead? How do the experiences that you are most proud of reveal the qualities and attributes that your target programs value? 3. Ideas – How you think? Your unique perspective, formed by your experiences, can help you stand out as an applicant and show the committee why you’re great for their program. For example, someone with a background in analytics and big data can revolutionize retail and marketing or healthcare or all kinds of fields. Maybe you’re someone who has a record of looking at complicated problems in a new way, reaching innovative solutions: that’s a unique perspective and can help you stand out. Or perhaps your background combines seemingly disparate interests – such as music and law, or medicine and literature. Use your application to show how your experiences have given you both critical analysis and excellent listening skills. Where can you do this on your application? The diversity statement and/or personal history would be one place. But the theme of contribution – the impact you’ve had, what you’ve learned from it, how you’ll contribute in the future – is something that should run through your entire application, including your statement of purpose, community service descriptions, and CV. It is something that you should be prepared to discuss in an interview. Bottom Line As we discussed at the beginning of this series, one of the central challenges and paradoxes of the application process is that you need to simultaneously fit into the school’s target applicant pool and also stand out within that pool. In a competitive application process, only â€Å"fitting in† is not enough – you must distinguish yourself and show that you’re more than a number. Likewise, if all you do is â€Å"stand out,† the program may have qualms about your ability to do the work or participate constructively in its community and your chosen profession. You must simultaneously fit in and stand out. We’ve covered four aspects of this challenge (proving you can do the work, showing you fit in with the school’s culture, highlighting your goals, and demonstrating that you will contribute distinctively to class, school, and community) showing you how to use different parts of your application to both demonstrate your fit with the programs you’re applying to and your distinctiveness. If you – like so many applicants – have concerns about how to apply this advice in your particular situation, we can guide you one-on-one just as we have guided thousands since 1994. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '14137059-b07d-43d8-8309-0bbaea2a0055', {}); For 25 years, Accepted has helped applicants gain acceptance to top undergraduate and graduate programs. Our expert team of admissions consultants features former admissions directors, PhDs, and professional writers who have advised clients to acceptance at top programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Yale, Princeton, Penn, Columbia, Oxford, Cambridge, INSEAD, MIT, Caltech, UC Berkeley, and Northwestern. Want an admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Leadership in Admissions, a free guide †¢ Approaching The Diversity Essay Question †¢ Stand Out! A Critical Goal for Your Application, a podcast episode

Influence Of Emotions On Adult Learning Motivations

ARTICLE FULL REFERENCE Ramsay, S., Holyoke, L. (2014). Please Pass the Peas: Influence of Emotions on Adult Learning Motivations. Journal of Education Training Studies, 2(1), 11-18 ARTICLE SUMMARY A research by Ramsay and Holyoke examined the various factors that motivate child care providers to learn. The objective of this study was to amplify the knowledge of adult learning motivation. Focus group interviews were operated in four Western United States : California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Participants viewed two video vignettes on feeding young children. After watching each video vignette, participants were asked to complete two projective technique response activities (Ramsay, Holyoke, Branen, Fletcher, 2012). The first research question asked was â€Å"What are child care providers’ responses to videos on feeding young children?† A follow up question was asked - â€Å"How do those responses influence their motivation to learn about feeding young children?† These projective technique activities used stimuli to help reveal individuals’ true responses regarding their thoughts, feelings, and emotions (Bystedt, Lynn, Potts 2003; Christensen Olson, 2002; Krueger Casey, 2009). The discussions were then audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed to determine the factors that motivate participants to learn. The presence of hedonistic emotions was identified as the primary theme that impacted their motivation to learn. The study also demonstrated that, child care providersShow MoreRelatedDifferent Models And Theories Associated With Adult Learning1241 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent models and theories associated with adult learning. 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Legalizing Drugs And The United States Essay - 891 Words

Legalizing drugs in the United States would lead to great trouble for the country affecting all citizens. Legalizing drugs will cause chaos among Americans. Edmund Harnett a deputy chief and executive officer wrote an article, â€Å"Drug legalization: why it wouldn’t work in the United States.† Harnett is also involved in the narcotics division of the New York police department. William J. Bennett the director of the national drug control policy wrote a heavy article, â€Å"Drug Policy and the Intellectuals.† James Q. Wilson has a political science degree and is the author of many crime articles including, â€Å"Against the Legalization of Drugs.† Disorder is the last thing this country needs from legalizing drugs. The legalization of drugs is undesirable because it would ruin relationships, would harm the safety of everyone, and would promote violence. Many people in favor of legalization feel that drugs would not have a negative impact of families or other relationships. 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Economics in One Lesson Essay - 2007 Words

Economics in One Lesson By Henry Hazlitt Dan Gardner History of Economics 360-001 Dr. Smith March 8, 2005 Economics in One Lesson By Henry Hazlitt Henry Hazlitts book, Economics in one lesson, brings to perspective numerous topics that are mainstream issues in the economy today. His book breaks down in detail specific concepts that have their effects on the economy. Hazlitt explains topics such as war and the expenses, the tariff system, and productivity and the minimum wage laws. One concept Hazlitt emphasized on was how economics was viewed for temporary needs, versus more permanently viewed. In addition to theses endless pleading of self-interest, there is a second main factor that spawns new economic fallacies†¦show more content†¦After the war, it is a great chance that commodity will become a demand because it will be presented as going back on the market. This does not mean that a great economy is built because of a war. The economy balances out just after a war takes place. When two countries go to war, land is destroyed, buildings need to be replaced, and in turn money is what is sought so the rebuilding process can begin. It does not necessarily create more jobs, but more money is being used to support what has been lost than what has been gained. What happens after the job is done before the war and after the war? Jobs are again lost and the economy is again at the same point from where they started before the war began. A case can be made for the Civil War, in that industry had boomed due to the fact of the war. But think of all the things that were lost in the process. Many families in the south were reduced to poverty, land was destroyed and unusable for a time, agriculture met a sharp decline, but in the long run things would be better for the people in the south. Hazlitt also makes a good point when he mentions the fetish of full employment. We cannot continuously have the fullest production without full employment. 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Culture And The Asian Culture - 1380 Words

Culture plays an important role in many of the addictions that people succumb to. As clinicians, it is important for us to be aware of the implication that culture has on diagnosing addictions and treating the addiction. In order to treat clients more effectively we should have some knowledge about specific cultures and their relation to some compulsive behaviors or addictions. For this assignment, I decided to explore the Asian culture in relation to gambling. Many studies have shown that the Asian culture account for a significant population seen in casinos and the gambling world. In this paper I will explore how cultural factors might impact specific behaviors. In addition, I will examine how a culture may impact the treatment process in order to gain more information for future work with this population. Gambling his been around for hundreds of years. Gambling is the wagering of money or something of material value on an event with uncertain outcome with the primary intent on winning additional money or material goods. This can be seen in horse racing, card games, and many other avenues where betting is involved. Gambling addiction is similar to a substance addiction in many ways. Problematic gambling can involve repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back or stop gambling, feelings of restlessness, irritability when attempting to stop or cut down gambling habits, and the diminished ability to resist the impulse to gamble despite serious consequencesShow MoreRelatedCulture Sensitivity And The Asian Culture1076 Words   |  5 PagesCulture sensitivity, or cultural competency, is the knowledge that allow workers to recognize or value different cultures and differences other than their own, to give them the ability to respond efficiently to various cultural needs (Denisco Bark er, 2015). 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One of the most successful and well known play by William Shakespeare Free Essays

One of the most successful and well known plays William Shakespeare wrote was Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy play; two young people fall in the love but their families have a bitter grudge with one another, â€Å"and the continuance of their parents’ rage which, but their children’s end, naught could remove,† (prologue lines 10-11). This quote explains to us how the grudge between the two families could only be removed by the death of these two ‘star crossed lovers’. We will write a custom essay sample on One of the most successful and well known play by William Shakespeare or any similar topic only for you Order Now The theme of the play is love and hate; there are many examples of love and hate occurring especially with the party scene. In William Shakespeare’s time status was a very important thing when it comes to everyday lifestyle. Status was also determined by gender, men were able to do more things that woman, such as, work and have more of a social life. When there were plays in the theatre people would stand or sit depending on status. If you were standing you would be of the lower class, if you were higher up in the stands the wealthier you were, for example the Queen would sit at the top. The theatre was very important in that time because it was the main source of entertainment. The relationships between the parents and the teenagers are found in the scenes of Juliet getting an arranged marriage, the scene illustrates how rich parents would communicate and feel about their children and visa versa for the children. Relationships between Juliet and Capulet Capulet has deep feelings for Juliet, he still see Juliet as his little girl and does not want to let her go into marriage. ‘And too soon marred are those so early made’, Capulet talking to Paris about his daughter being too young. This quote gives an understanding of how Capulet feels with Juliet getting married. Even though Juliet is the lady of my earth to Capulet, he says to Paris win her heart, if she is happy then you may marry her, â€Å"she is the hopeful lady of my earth. But woo her gentle Paris, get her heart, my will to her consent is but part†. Capulet is explaining to Paris that if you win her heart then I will be happy to give you my daughter. After the death of Tybalt, Capulet decides to marry Juliet with Paris to get rid of all the grief. Because of the death of Tybalt Capulet has not had time to persuade Juliet to marry Paris but he says to Paris she will obey his wishes. When Capulet enters Juliet’s room in the morning, he sees her crying â€Å"How now, a conduit, girl? What, still in tears†, Capulet thinks that these tears are for Tybalt but in reality they are for Romeo being banished. When Capulet finds out that Juliet refuses to marry Paris he loses his temper. â€Å"Hang thee young baggage, disobedient wretch! I tell thee what, get thee to church a Thursday, or never after look me in the face.† Capulet makes it clear and simple on what he expects Juliet to do and what the consequences are if she doesn’t; from being Capulet’s lady on his earth she has become the last lady he wants to see. Relationship between Juliet and Lady Capulet Lady Capulet and Juliet have a formal relationship. Juliet talks to her mother as is she is a teacher â€Å"Madam, I am here, what is you will?† this quote shows us how Juliet confronts her mother; it also shows us that she is respectful of her mothers status; shown by the formal ‘Madam’. Lady Capulet views marriage as a business arrangement and she is keen to get Juliet married well to a wealthy man like Paris. A good marriage would make the Capulet’s a more commanding and highly regarded family. When Lady Capulet enters the room she sees Juliet crying. She sympathizes with Juliet’s grief at the death of Tybalt. Lady Capulet lets Juliet know how she feels about Romeo and how she plans on him being dead. â€Å"We will have vengeance for it, fear thou not. Then weep no more. Ill send to one Mantua, where that same banished runagate doth live, shall give him such an unaccustomed dram, that shall soon keep Tybalt company.† Lady Capulet does not know about Juliet’s feelings about Romeo and Juliet wasn’t planning on letting her know, â€Å"indeed I never shall be satisfied with Romeo, till I behold him dead is my poor heart so for a kinsman vexed†. What Juliet actually means in that text is that ‘I never shall be satisfied with Romeo till I behold him. My poor heart is so vexed for a kinsman (Romeo) that is dead’. What Juliet’s mother takes her to mean is the complete opposite. Juliet appears to agree with her mother when she i s talking about how Romeo is a villain, but she twists her words so that they mean she also loves Romeo. Relationship between Juliet and the Nurse Juliet and the nurse have a more comfortable relationship when it comes to communicating. The Nurse is like a mother figure to Juliet after bringing her up from childhood. â€Å"Go girl, seek happy nights’ this quote gives an example of how the relationship is very comfortable between the two. It shows that the nurse is encouraging Juliet to enjoy herself and seek out a husband to spend ‘happy nights’ with. Shakespeare’s audience would see in this scene that the Nurse cares for Juliet and wants her to be happy instead of status and money like Lady Capulet thinks. In Act 3 scene 5 when Juliet refuses to marry Paris the Nurse tries to defend Juliet but she only gets spoken over by Capulet, â€Å"may one not speak† she is trying to defend for Juliet but Capulet reply’s back † peace you mumbling fool†. When Capulet and Lady Capulet leave the Nurse advises Juliet to forget about Romeo. â€Å"Romeo is banished, and all the world to nothing†. Juliet asks the nurse if that is what she really means and the Nurse says that is. The Nurse then goes off and goes to tell Capulet and Lady Capulet that Juliet is sorry for upsetting her father. Juliet does not believe the deceitfulness of the Nurse. Stage Craft and Language A very important stagecraft action that takes place in Romeo and Juliet is soliloquies, a soliloquy is an actor playing a character revealing to the audience about their own private thoughts (the character has the stage to them self). Juliet uses a soliloquy at the end of Act 3 scene 5 when the Nurse leaves the room. â€Å"Ancient damnation! O most wicked fiend! It is more sin to wish me thus forsworn, Or to dispraise my lord with that same tongue so many thousand times? Go counselor; thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. I’ll to the friar to know his remedy. If all else fail, myself have power to die†. Juliet expresses her feelings to the audience. Soliloquies are still used in this time and day in the theatre. An example of an implicit direction would be in Act 1 scene 3, â€Å"this is the matter nurse, give leave awhile, we must talk in secret. Nurse, come back again!† the audience can see that Lady Capulet does not trust the Nurse, but she does depend on the Nurse to speak about Juliet about early marriage. The implicit direction is used like a command, when Lady Capulet tell the Nurse to come back. Lady Capulet also uses imperatives, â€Å"Nurse, where’s my daughter? Call her forth to me† the word call in this quote is the imperative, an imperative is an order, and Shakespeare used imperatives in his text because it helped the actors to remember their lines. How to cite One of the most successful and well known play by William Shakespeare, Papers